Civilisation does not imply improvement of racial qualities—it abolishes selection by the physical environment—it consists in improved intellectual and moral traditions and is dependent on favourable social organisation 200-207 CHAPTER XV. THE RACE-MAKING PERIOD Differentiation of races from a common stock—human evolution differs from that of the animals in becoming group evolution—physical environment supplanted by social environment and organisation—the direct effects of climate on the body—on the mind 208-219 CHAPTER XVI. THE RACE-MAKING PERIOD (_continued_) Physical environment determines racial adaptation directly by selection—indirectly by determining occupations and social organisation—the protective spirit in France—the spirit of independence in England—attempts of Buckle, Boutmy and Sir H. Maine to account for these not successful 220-232 CHAPTER XVII. THE RACE-MAKING PERIOD (_continued_) The influence of occupations—the leading principle of the school of Le Play—the development of the spirit of protection in the people of Gaul—the development of the spirit of independence in the ancestors of the English—the crossing of races—its bad and its good results 233-245 CHAPTER XVIII. RACIAL CHANGES DURING THE HISTORIC PERIOD Race substitution—the population of Greece—internal selection—its effects in Spain—various forms of social selection—mostly negative or injurious to national stock—economic selection and the social ladder—the innate moral disposition—the question of its improvement 246-269 CHAPTER XIX. THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS IN THEIR YOUTH The rarity of progress—the conditions enabling progress—group selection—in what has progress consisted?—views of Buckle and Kidd—conquest and domination an early condition of progress—variability of crossed races—influence of physical environment—western civilisation and social organisation 270-286 CHAPTER XX. THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS IN THEIR MATURITY Liberty and social organisation—caste makes for rigidity—the growth of toleration—imaginative sympathy increases with increasing freedom of intercourse, bringing strife and understanding—the group spirit as the main agent of further progress 287-301 INDEX 302-304 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE PROVINCE OF COLLECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY