Jewish philosophy -- Early works to 1800; Judaism -- Works to 1900; Philosophy, Medieval -- Early works to 1800
That, however,
which is neither itself a body, nor a force within a body, is not
existent according to man’s first notions, and is above all excluded
from the range of imagination. In the same manner motion is considered
by the ordinary man as identical with life; what cannot move
voluntarily from place to place has no life, although motion is not
part of the definition of life, but an accident connected with it. The
perception by the senses, especially by hearing and seeing, is best
known to us; we have no idea or notion of any other mode of
communication between the soul of one person and that of another than
by means of speaking, i.e., by the sound produced by lips, tongue, and
the other organs of speech. When, therefore, we are to be informed that
God has a knowledge of things, and that communication is made by Him to
the Prophets who convey it to us, they represent Him to us as seeing
and hearing, i.e., as perceiving and knowing those things which can be
seen and heard. They represent Him to us as speaking, i.e., that
communications from Him reach the Prophets; that is to be understood by
the term “prophecy,” as will be fully explained. God is described as
working, because we do not know any other mode of producing a thing
except by direct touch. He is said to have a soul in the sense that He
is living, because all living beings are generally supposed to have a
soul; although the term soul is, as has been shown, a homonym.
Again, since we perform all these actions only by means of corporeal
organs, we figuratively ascribe to God the organs of locomotion, as
feet, and their soles; organs of hearing, seeing, and smelling, as ear,
eye, and nose; organs and substance of speech, as mouth, tongue, and
sound; organs for the performance of work, as hand, its fingers, its
palm, and the arm. In short, these organs of the body are figuratively
ascribed to God, who is above all imperfection, to express that He
performs certain acts; and these acts are figuratively ascribed to Him
to express that He possesses certain perfections different from those
acts themselves. E.g., we say that He has eyes, ears, hands, a mouth, a
tongue, to express that He sees, hears, acts, and speaks; but seeing
and hearing are attributed to Him to indicate simply that He perceives.
You thus find in Hebrew instances in which the perception of the one
sense is named instead of the other; thus, “See the word of the Lord”
(Jer. ii. 31), in the same meaning as “Hear the word of the Lord,” for
the sense of the phrase is, “Perceive what He says”; similarly the
phrase, “See the smell of my son” (Gen. xxvii. 27) has the same meaning
as “Smell the smell of my son,” for it relates to the perception of the
smell. In the same way are used the words, “And all the people saw the
thunders and the lightnings” (Exod. xx. 15), although the passage also
contains the description of a prophetical vision, as is well known and
understood among our people. Action and speech are likewise
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