Jewish philosophy -- Early works to 1800; Judaism -- Works to 1900; Philosophy, Medieval -- Early works to 1800
In the Introduction to the “Guide,” Maimonides (1) describes the object
of the work and the method he has followed; (2) treats of similes; (3)
gives “directions for the study of the work”; and (4) discusses the
usual causes of inconsistencies in authors.
1 (pp. 2–3). Inquiring into the root of the evil which the Guide was
intended to remove, viz., the conflict between science and religion,
the author perceived that in most cases it originated in a
misinterpretation of the anthropomorphisms in Holy Writ. The main
difficulty is found in the ambiguity of the words employed by the
prophets when speaking of the Divine Being; the question arises whether
they are applied to the Deity and to other things in one and the same
sense or equivocally; in the latter case the author distinguishes
between homonyms pure and simple, figures, and hybrid terms. In order
to show that the Biblical anthropomorphisms do not imply the
corporeality of the Deity, he seeks in each instance to demonstrate
that the expression under examination is a perfect homonym denoting
things which are totally distinct from each other, and whenever such a
demonstration is impossible, he assumes that the expression is a hybrid
term, that is, being employed in one instance figuratively and in
another homonymously. His explanation of “form” (ẓelem) may serve as an
illustration. According to his opinion, it invariably denotes “form” in
the philosophical acceptation of the term, viz., the complex of the
essential properties of a thing. But to obviate objections he proposes
an alternative view, to take ẓelem as a hybrid term that may be
explained as a class noun denoting only things of the same class, or as
a homonym employed for totally different things, viz., “form” in the
philosophical sense, and “form” in the ordinary meaning of the word.
Maimonides seems to have refrained from explaining anthropomorphisms as
figurative expressions, lest by such interpretation he might implicitly
admit the existence of a certain relation and comparison between the
Creator and His creatures.
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