Jewish philosophy -- Early works to 1800; Judaism -- Works to 1900; Philosophy, Medieval -- Early works to 1800
Another digression occurs as an appendix to the second group of
homonyms (ch. xxvi.–xxvii.). Maimonides found that only a limited
number of terms are applied to God in a figurative sense; and again,
that in the “Targum” of Onkelos some of the figures are paraphrased,
while other figures received a literal rendering. He therefore seeks to
discover the principle which was applied both in the Sacred Text and in
the translation, and he found it in the Talmudical dictum, “The Law
speaketh the language of man.” For this reason all figures are eschewed
which, in their literal sense, would appear to the multitude as
implying debasement or a blemish. Onkelos, who rigorously guards
himself against using any term that might suggest corporification,
gives a literal rendering of figurative terms when there is no cause
for entertaining such an apprehension. Maimonides illustrates this rule
by the mode in which Onkelos renders “yarad” (“he went down,”), when
used in reference to God. It is generally paraphrased, but in one
exceptional instance, occurring in Jacob’s “visions of the night” (Gen.
xlvi. 4), it is translated literally; in this instance the literal
rendering does not lead to corporification; because visions and dreams
were generally regarded as mental operations, devoid of objective
reality. Simple and clear as this explanation may be, we do not
consider that it really explains the method of Onkelos. On the
contrary, the translator paraphrased anthropomorphic terms, even when
he found them in passages relating to dreams or visions; and indeed it
is doubtful whether Maimonides could produce a single instance in
favour of his view. He was equally unsuccessful in his explanation of
“ḥazah” “he saw” (ch. xlviii.). He says that when the object of the
vision was derogatory, it was not brought into direct relation with the
Deity; in such instances the verb is paraphrased, while in other
instances the rendering is literal. Although Maimonides grants that the
force of this observation is weakened by three exceptions, he does not
doubt its correctness.
The next Section (ch. l. to ch. lix.) “On the Divine Attributes” begins
with the explanation that “faith” consists in thought, not in mere
utterance; in conviction, not in mere profession. This explanation
forms the basis for the subsequent discussion. The several arguments
advanced by Maimonides against the employment of attributes are
intended to show that those who assume the real existence of Divine
attributes may possibly utter with their lips the creed of the Unity
and the Incorporeality of God, but they cannot truly believe it. A
demonstration of this fact would be needless, if the Attributists had
not put forth their false theses and defended them with the utmost
tenacity, though with the most absurd arguments.
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