E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, David King, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 15921-h.htm or 15921-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/9/2/15921/15921-h/15921-h.htm) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/9/2/15921/15921-h.zip) THE HASKALAH MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA by JACOB S. RAISIN, PH.D., D.D. Author of _Sect, Creed and Custom in Judaism_, etc. Philadelphia The Jewish Publication Society of America 1913 _And the "Maskilim" shall shine As the brightness of the firmament ... Many shall run to and fro, And knowledge shall be increased_. --Dan. xii. 3-4 [Illustration: TOBIAS COHN 1652-1759 FROM THE FRONTISPIECE OF HIS MA'ASEH TOBIAH] TO AARON S. RAISIN Your name, dear father, will not be found in the following pages, for, like "the waters of the Siloam that run softly," you ever preferred to pursue your useful course in unassuming silence. Yet, as it is your life, devoted entirely to meditating, learning, and teaching, that inspired me in my effort, I dedicate this book to you; and I am happy to know that I thus not only dedicate it to one of the noblest of Maskilim, but at the same time offer you some slight token of the esteem and affection felt for you by Your Son, JACOB S. RAISIN CONTENTS PREFACE 11 CHAPTER I. THE PRE-HASKALAH PERIOD 17 CHAPTER II. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION 53 CHAPTER III. THE DAWN OF HASKALAH 110 CHAPTER IV. CONFLICTS AND CONQUESTS 162 CHAPTER V. RUSSIFICATION, REFORMATION, AND ASSIMILATION 222 CHAPTER VI. THE AWAKENING 268 NOTES 305 BIBLIOGRAPHY 331 INDEX 339 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TOBIAS COHN (1652-1759) Frontispiece ISAAC BAeR LEVINSOHN (1788-1860) facing page 64 MAX LILIENTHAL (1815-1882) " " 120 ALEXANDER ZEDERBAUM (1816-1893) " " 175 PEREZ BEN MOSHEH SMOLENSKIN (1842-1885) " " 220 MOSES LOeB LILIENBLUM (1843-1910) " " 280 PREFACE