Buyr-Nūr, China invaded by, 153. Caliphs, the--Abū Bekr first to assume title, 36; rise and fall of, 36–102; various caliphs (_see their names_). Cawder (Kāwurd, Kurd, Kādurd), 131 _note_. Chaghatāy dialect, 180. Chaghatāy Khānate, 160–64; overthrown by Tīmūr, 170. Chakir, 125, 127, 128. Chandra Gupta, Seleucus defeated by, 10. Chang-Kien, 17. Charjūy, 310, 357. Chernaieff, Colonel, Chimkent stormed by, 246; siege of Tashkent, 247, 248; advance on and retreat from Jizāk, 251; superseded by General Romanovski, 251. Chi Hwang-ti, Tsin, 14. Chighān, 60. Children, custom concerning naming of, in Merv, 42. Chimkent, stormed by Russians, 246; burnt by Kokandis, 248. =China=--Han dynasty, founder of, 16; Chow dynasty, fall of and subsequent events, 14; Great Wall, 15; march against Mothé, 16; alliance with Yué-Chi, 17; direct commercial intercourse with West, 17; Hans defeated by, and enrolled in empire, 19; Umayyads aided, 85; Buyr-Nūr invasion, 153; partial conquest by Chingiz, 156; Yuen dynasty, founder of, 182; Ming dynasty, founder of, 182. Chingiz Khān, birth and early life, 151, 152–54, 232; war with Tāi Yāng, 155; with Guchluk, 157; with Khwārazm Shāh, 157–59; _Dār ul-Ākhirat_ destroyed by, 143; conquests of, 159, 160, 232; death, 160. Chosrau I. (Anūshirawān “the Just”), 27 and _note_, 29–31. Chosrau II. (Parvīz “the Victorious”), 32. =Christianity=--Persecution prohibited during reign of Bahrām Gūr by truce with Rome, 24; Christians induced to embrace Islām, 72; Holy War against Christians of Tarāz, 109; crusades contemporaneous with Mohammed, son of Melik, 134; Black Mongols converted to, 152; persecution by Nasrullah, 219; introduction into Russia, and subsequent influence of priests upon government, 229; authorities on Christianity in Central Asia in ancient times, 109 _note_. Chupān Ātā, 176, 402, 403. Chu Yuān Chang, founder of Ming dynasty, 182. Cleitus, death of, 9. Confucius (Kung-fu-tse), 14 _note_. Conolly, Captain Arthur, imprisoned and killed by Nasrullah, 217–18. Cossacks, Siberians attacked by, 238; raiding expedition into Siberia and Khwārazm, 239; Kokandis repulsed, 248. Cotton, cultivation of, in valley of Zarafshān, 386. Crusades contemporaneous with Sultan Sanjar, 134. Ctesias, _cited_ 4. Cube (Ka`ba), the Cunningham, General, _cited_ 15, 20 _notes_. Cyropolis, 4, 7. Cyrus I., conquest of Bactria, 4. Damascus, conquered by Parvīz, 32; taken by Arabs, 37; stormed by Tīmūr, 171. Dāniyāl Bi, 205, 384 _note_. Dangil Teppe, 287. Dāneshmandja, 166. _Dār ul-Ākhirat_, 143. Darbend, building of, 31. Dariel Pass, Roman subsidy for fortification of, 24. Darius Hystaspes, 4. Darius II. overthrown by Alexander the Great, 4, 5.