=Samarkand= (Marcanda)--besieged by Spitamenes and relieved, 7–8; stormed by Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, 40, 41; taken by Harthama, 98; besieged and taken by Chingiz, 159; taken by Khān of Jatah, 169; improvement under Tīmūr, 171; capital transferred to, 166; throne seized by Khalīl Sultan, 174; plundered by Uzbegs, 176; beautifying of, 176, 178; fall of Tīmūr’s dynasty and accession of Mohammad Khān Shaybāni, 179; captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, 184; sub-dynasty abolished, 191; surrender to Russians, 254; citadel defended against Sarts, 255; incorporated with Turkestān, 255; railways from Merv, 310–13; to Tashkent, 316; height above sea, 388; the Rīgistān, 391; mosques and tombs, 391–95; Urda, 395; Russian quarter, 396; mineral wealth, 398; trade and industries, 398–401; professional story-tellers and legends, 401–3; administration, 404–7; summary of history, 389; dialect, 180. Sanjar, Sultan, parentage, 133 _note_; governor of Khorāsān, 134; Mahmūd succeeded by, 135; revolt of Atsiz, 138–40; defeat of Kara-Khitāys, 139; by Turkomans, 266; irrigation of Merv, work of, 206; fall and death, 140–42; tomb, 354. Sarakhs, 269. Sardār, definition, 274 _note_. Sārikhs, the, 268. Saripul, established by Alexander, 8. Sarkār, definition, 333 _note_. Sarts, definition, 245 _note_, 364. Sāsānides, the, 22–33; death of Yezdijerd, 37. Satuk Boghrā Khān, 119. Saura ibn el-Hurr, 73. Saxaul (_haloxylon ammodendron_), 263. Sayyid `Abdul Ahad, 384. Sayyid el-Harashī, 94. Sayyid Haydar Tūra, 208–10, 384 _note_. Sayyid Mīr `Alīm, 384. Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn, 219; expedition against and submission to Russia, 250–56. Schefer, Ed., _cited_ 50 _note_, _passim_. Schuyler, _cited_ 254 _note_. =Scythians=--Arsaces (_see that title_), defeated by Alexander, 8; Thogari, the, 13; =Sakas=, Phraates slain by, 12; portion of Bactria wrested from, 13; settlement in Hexapolis, 15; expulsion from Soghdiana and subsequent fate, 16, 17; settlement in Bactria and subsequent expulsion, 18; driven from Kiphin by Kushans, 19. Sé (_see Scythians, Sakas_). _Sefīd-Jāmegān_, followers of Mokanna`, 94. Seljūks, the, districts invaded by, 124; origin of, and founders, 125; Mahmūd’s expedition against, 126; rise of, 127; treaty with Ibrāhīm; Khwārazm conquered, 136; division into various branches, and downfall of authority, 144, 146; various rules (_see their names_). Seleucus I. (Nicator), 10. Semirechensk, extent of, 253. Serikūl, settlement of Sakas in, 17. Shāba, 31. Shaburgān, 8. Shād Mulkh, 174. Shāh Isma`īl, the Safavī, 185, 186. Shāh Kator, 20. Shāh Mahmūd Sultan, 145. Shāh Murād (Ma´sūm), 205–8, 384 _note_. Shāh Rukh, 174–76, 180. Shāhī Beg (Mohammad Shaybānī), 184.