=Russia=--ethnological origin of Russians, 225; influence of physical surroundings, 227; growth of cities, 227; origin of serfs, 228; origin, customs, and territory of Slavs, 225, 226; growth of princely rule, 228–31; introduction of Christianity and influence of priests upon government, 229; feudalism introduced from Germany, 231; Mongol invasion and results, 233–34; Mongolian yoke thrown off by Vassili the Great, 235; growth of Moscow, 234; Cossack invasion of Siberia, 238–39; =Khiva=, Bekovitch expedition, 240–42; Perofski expedition, 244; treaty, 245; conquest, 257–59; =Kokand=, invasion of, 245; Tashkent taken, 247–49; action with Khān of Bokhārā, 250; annexation, 259–61; =Bokhārā=, mission to, 217; conquest, 250–57; general description, 357–85; =Samarkand=, annexation, 255; general description, 386–407; =Turkomania=, conquest of, 285–97; battle of Geok Teppe, 292–97; Merv acquired, 298; administration in Transcaspia, 325–39; =Afghanistān=, joint commission with England to demarcate northern boundary, 301; skirmish with Afghans, 302; result of deliberations, 303; commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on Pamirs, 303–5; condition of roads in Central Asia, 345; methods of dealing with Orientals compared with English, 410–15; desirability of union with England, 414–16; =Railways=, used by military transport between Caspian and Amū Daryā, 289; overland route to India, 317–19; Transcaspian Railway, construction, 307–13; branch lines, 261, 316–17; importance of and effect on Central Asian commerce, 313–15; journey described, 341, 349, 357, 386. Sabuktagin, 113, 117, 118. Sacæ (_see Scythians, Sakas_). _Sadr-i-sharī`at_, influence of, in towns of Transoxiana, 163. Sāghir Beg, 122. Sa`īd ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, 70. Sa`īd ibn `Amr el-Harashī, 71. Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, 40. Sālih ibn Nasr, 103. Salm ibn Ziyād, 41. Salors, the, territory of, 266, 268; settlement at Zarābād, 270. Sāmān, 101. Sāmānides, the, 109–18; Transoxiana wrested from, and territory subsequently owned by, 119.