CHAPTER XXXII. REMEDIES. Coming now to consider how railway favoritism may be abolished, we find a wide divergence among railroad men, law-makers, and other authorities. Some say that discriminations cannot be stopped,[364] others declare that they have been stopped,[365] others that present laws are ample and all that is needed is their enforcement,[366] while others state that present remedies are insufficient,[367] and suggest further legislation making the long and short haul clause binding except so far as relief is granted by order of the Interstate Commission;[368] extending the power of the Commission to private car-lines, fast freight and express companies, and water carriers;[369] giving it, or a national court, authority to fix reasonable rates in place of those which upon complaint and investigation it finds unreasonable,[370] and to declare that a rate resulting from any rebate or concession to favored shippers shall be open to all shippers;[371] specifically enacting that the payments for private cars and for switching shall not be greater than similar payments made by the railroads to each other;[372] legalizing combination and pooling;[373] forbidding railroad men to have any interest in any large producer of traffic on their lines;[374] requiring roads to make through routes and through rates with all connecting lines;[375] protecting our railroads against the competition of Canadian roads; providing for the public inspection of railroad books and accounts;[376] requiring that all railroad monies shall be received and paid out by Government officers;[377] or otherwise securing direct representation of the public in the management;[378] and establishing a sliding scale of taxation to apply in inverse ratio to the fairness and openness of the railway administration, so that a railroad opening its books freely to inspection and treating all fairly and impartially would pay low taxes, while a railroad acting on opposite principles would be taxed at a high rate.[379] The enactment of the Commerce Act by all the States and territories so that the State and Federal laws may be in harmony, and State and national commissions can co-operate in shutting out discrimination from local and through traffic,[380] is also suggested. Another view is that only public ownership of the railroads under thorough civil service regulations can eliminate either the motives or the power to discriminate,—the antagonism of public and private interests being the tap-root of discrimination, it can be fully overcome only by pulling up the root and making railroad managers the agents of the public to run the roads for the public service instead of being the agents of private interests to operate the roads for private profit.