As a result of the play of these motives our railroad history is full of unfair discriminations between persons, places, and industries in the United States, and between domestic and foreign trade. The methods and forms are many and have grown more numerous with each succeeding epoch, but the predominant forms vary in the different strata. We still have plenty of living specimens of the species that prevailed in earlier periods, but the leading forms now are comparatively recent evolutions. The history of discriminations would fill many volumes. The Hepburn Committee (1879) appointed by the New York Legislature collected about 5000 cases of discrimination. It was shown to be a common thing for railroads to give favored shippers discounts of 50, 60, 70, and even 80 percent from the regular rates. The special contracts involving favors in force for one year on a single railroad, the New York Central, were estimated at 6000. The United States Senate Committee of 1885, the Congressional Committee of 1888, the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887–1905, the United States Industrial Commission, 1900–1902, the Wisconsin investigation in the fall of 1903, the United States Senate Committee of 1905, the State railroad commissions, the courts, and other investigating bodies have brought to light additional thousands of discriminations. We shall select some examples illustrating various methods of discrimination. CHAPTER V. THE EARLY YEARS, HEPBURN REPORT, ETC. One of the discriminations most complained of in early years was the charging of lower rates for a long haul than for a short haul on the same line—less for the whole than for a part. For example, the rate from New York to Ogden was $4.65 per hundred, while $2.25 per hundred carried the same freight all the way from New York to San Francisco. The railroads charged more if the car stopped part way than if it went on to the Pacific,—more than twice as much, in fact, for the part haul as for the full distance, so that the extra charge for not hauling the car on from Ogden to Frisco was greater than for hauling it the entire distance from ocean to ocean. They seemed to be willing to take off half for the privilege of hauling the car another 1000 miles. These methods are still in practice.