Mr. Cost, traffic manager of the Big Four, I. C. C. Beef Hearing, Dec. 1901, p. 105. Footnote 107: I. C. C. Beef Hearing, Dec. 1901, p. 114. Footnote 108: _Ibid._, pp. 113, 119. Footnote 109: I. C. C. Beef Hearing, Dec. 1901, pp. 85, 86. Footnote 110: I. C. C. Beef Hearing, Dec. 1901, p. 107. Footnote 111: I. C. C. Hearing in the dressed-meat cases, Chicago, Jan. 7, 1902, pp. 152–154. Footnote 112: Evidence in the I. C. C. Hearing in the dressed-meat cases, Chicago, Jan. 5, 1902, pp. 145, 148, 149. Footnote 113: Report, Industrial Commission, vol. iv, pp. 69, 493. Footnote 114: Import Rate Case. Texas and Pacific _v._ I. C. C., 162 U. S. 197, March, 1896. The complaint was brought in December, 1889, by the New York Board of Trade against the Pennsylvania Railroad and others. The New York Central, B. & O., B. & M., Ill. Central, Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, Northern Pacific, Texas & Pacific, etc., 33 railroads in all, were joined as defendants. The Commission held (Jan., 1891) that import traffic is entitled to no preference. 3 I. C. C. Decis. 417. (See also 4 I. C. C. 447.) The Circuit Court sustained the Commission in Oct., 1892 (52 Fed. Rep. 187), and the Court of Appeals in Oct., 1893 (57 Fed. Rep. 948), but the Texas & Pacific carried the case to the U. S. Supreme Court and the majority of the Court, reversing the Commission and the Circuit Court, interpreted the Commerce Act of Congress in such a way as to render substantially inoperative the main clauses relating to discrimination and the long haul, and practically nullify another Act of Congress so far as it imposes duties on imports for the purpose of protecting home industries. The Court accomplished this by focussing its attention on the phrase relating to dissimilar conditions, instead of aiming to enforce the act according to its clear purpose and intent. Chief Justice Fuller and Justices Harlan and Brown dissented, holding that the Interstate Act requires railways to make the same charge for the same service, whether the goods carried are domestic or foreign. Footnote 115: For many other facts along the same lines, showing rates on flour from the West to Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, etc., 6 to 8 cents higher than the rates on wheat, and much lower rates on the same products for export than for domestic use, see Industrial Commission, 1900, iv, 70. The Interstate Commerce Commission in 1899 found the export rates on corn and wheat much lower than the domestic rates. I. C. C. Rep., 1899, pp. 20–28, 31. Footnote 116: 8 I. C. C. Decis. 214 n. Footnote 117: Lewis, “National Consolidation of Railways,” p. 101. Footnote 118: