CHAPTER PAGE I. THE LAW AND THE FACT 1 II. PASSES AND POLITICS 3 III. PASSENGER REBATES AND OTHER FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION IN PASSENGER TRAFFIC 17 The Deadhead Passenger Car 18 Ticket Scalping 19 IV. FREIGHT DISCRIMINATION 23 V. THE EARLY YEARS, HEPBURN REPORT, ETC. 25 The Granger Laws 26 The Hepburn Investigation 27 VI. THE SENATE INVESTIGATION OF 1885 AND THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT 37 VII. THE INTERSTATE COMMISSION 43 VIII. EFFECTS OF THE INTERSTATE ACT 49 Direct Rebates 53 IX. SUBSTITUTES FOR REBATES 57 X. DENIAL OF FAIR FACILITIES 66 XI. CLASSIFICATION AND COMMODITY RATES 70 XII. OIL AND BEEF 73 XIII. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 84 XIV. LOCALITY DISCRIMINATIONS 87 XV. LONG-HAUL DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT 95 XVI. TEN YEARS OF FEDERAL REGULATION 104 XVII. THE ELKINS ACT AND ITS EFFECTS 110 XVIII. THE WISCONSIN REVELATIONS 120 XIX. THE COLORADO FUEL REBATES AND OTHER CASES 124 XX. FREE CARTAGE, STATE TRAFFIC, DEMURRAGE, THE EXPENSE BILL SYSTEM, GOODS NOT BILLED, MILLING-IN-TRANSIT 142 XXI. MIDNIGHT TARIFFS AND ELEVATOR FEES 147 XXII. COMMODITY DISCRIMINATIONS 150 XXIII. DISCRIMINATION BY CLASSIFICATION 155 XXIV. VARIOUS OTHER METHODS 159 XXV. TERMINAL RAILROADS 166 XXVI. PRIVATE-CAR ABUSES 174 XXVII. THE LONG-HAUL ANOMALY 208 XXVIII. OTHER PLACE DISCRIMINATIONS 216 XXIX. NULLIFYING THE PROTECTIVE TARIFF 221 XXX. SUMMARY OF METHODS AND RESULTS 228 XXXI. DIFFICULTIES OF ABOLISHING DISCRIMINATION 241 XXXII. REMEDIES 252