For over five hundred years Arabic writers and others continued to apply to works on arithmetic the name "Indian." In the tenth century such writers are `Abdall[=a]h ibn al-[H.]asan, Ab[=u] 'l-Q[=a]sim[367] (died 987 A.D.) of Antioch, and Mo[h.]ammed ibn `Abdall[=a]h, Ab[=u] Na[s.]r[368] (c. 982), of Kalw[=a]d[=a] near Bagdad. Others of the same period or {93} earlier (since they are mentioned in the _Fihrist_,[369] 987 A.D.), who explicitly use the word "Hindu" or "Indian," are Sin[=a]n ibn al-Fat[h.][370] of [H.]arr[=a]n, and Ahmed ibn `Omar, al-Kar[=a]b[=i]s[=i].[371] In the eleventh century come Al-B[=i]r[=u]n[=i][372] (973-1048) and `Ali ibn A[h.]med, Ab[=u] 'l-[H.]asan, Al-Nasaw[=i][373] (c. 1030). The following century brings similar works by Ish[=a]q ibn Y[=u]suf al-[S.]ardaf[=i][374] and Sam[=u]'[=i]l ibn Ya[h.]y[=a] ibn `Abb[=a]s al-Ma[.g]reb[=i] al-Andalus[=i][375] (c. 1174), and in the thirteenth century are `Abdallat[=i]f ibn Y[=u]suf ibn Mo[h.]ammed, Muwaffaq al-D[=i]n Ab[=u] Mo[h.]ammed al-Ba[.g]d[=a]d[=i][376] (c. 1231), and Ibn al-Bann[=a].[377] The Greek monk Maximus Planudes, writing in the first half of the fourteenth century, followed the Arabic usage in calling his work _Indian Arithmetic_.[378] There were numerous other Arabic writers upon arithmetic, as that subject occupied one of the high places among the sciences, but most of them did not feel it necessary to refer to the origin of the symbols, the knowledge of which might well have been taken for granted. {94} One document, cited by Woepcke,[379] is of special interest since it shows at an early period, 970 A.D., the use of the ordinary Arabic forms alongside the [.g]ob[=a]r. The title of the work is _Interesting and Beautiful Problems on Numbers_ copied by A[h.]med ibn Mo[h.]ammed ibn `Abdaljal[=i]l, Ab[=u] Sa`[=i]d, al-Sijz[=i],[380] (951-1024) from a work by a priest and physician, Na[z.][=i]f ibn Yumn,[381] al-Qass (died c. 990). Suter does not mention this work of Na[z.][=i]f. The second reason for not ascribing too much credit to the purely Arab influence is that the Arab by himself never showed any intellectual strength. What took place after Mo[h.]ammed had lighted the fire in the hearts of his people was just what always takes place when different types of strong races blend,--a great renaissance in divers lines. It was seen in the blending of such types at Miletus in the time of Thales, at Rome in the days of the early invaders, at Alexandria when the Greek set firm foot on Egyptian soil, and we see it now when all the nations mingle their vitality in the New World. So when the Arab culture joined with the Persian, a new civilization rose and flourished.[382] The Arab influence came not from its purity, but from its intermingling with an influence more cultured if less virile.