[10] This learned scholar, teacher of O'Creat who wrote the _Helceph_ ("_Prologus N. Ocreati in Helceph ad Adelardum Batensem magistrum suum_"), studied in Toledo, learned Arabic, traveled as far east as Egypt, and brought from the Levant numerous manuscripts for study and translation. See Henry in the _Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik_, Vol. III, p. 131; Woepcke in _Propagation_, p. 518. [11] The title is _Algoritmi de numero Indorum_. That he did not make this translation is asserted by Enestroem in the _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, Vol. I (3), p. 520. [12] Thus he speaks "de numero indorum per .IX. literas," and proceeds: "Dixit algoritmi: Cum uidissem yndos constituisse .IX. literas in uniuerso numero suo, propter dispositionem suam quam posuerunt, uolui patefacere de opera quod fit per eas aliquid quod esset leuius discentibus, si deus uoluerit." [Boncompagni, _Trattati d'Aritmetica_, Rome, 1857.] Discussed by F. Woepcke, _Sur l'introduction de l'arithmetique indienne en Occident_, Rome, 1859. [13] Thus in a commentary by `Al[=i] ibn Ab[=i] Bekr ibn al-Jam[=a]l al-An[s.][=a]r[=i [14] See also Woepcke, _Propagation_, p. 505. The origin is discussed at much length by G. R. Kaye, "Notes on Indian Mathematics.--Arithmetical Notation," _Journ. and Proc. of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal_, Vol. III, 1907, p. 489. [15] _Alberuni's India_, Arabic version, London, 1887; English translation, ibid., 1888. [16] _Chronology of Ancient Nations_, London, 1879. Arabic and English versions, by C. E. Sachau. [17] _India_, Vol. I, chap. xvi. [18] The Hindu name for the symbols of the decimal place system. [19] Sachau's English edition of the _Chronology_, p. 64. [20] _Litterature arabe_, Cl. Huart, Paris, 1902. [21] Huart, _History of Arabic Literature_, English ed., New York, 1903, p. 182 seq. [22] Al-Mas`[=u]d[=i]'s _Meadows of Gold_, translated in part by Aloys Sprenger, London, 1841; _Les prairies d'or_, trad. par C. Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, Vols. I to IX, Paris, 1861-1877. [23] _Les prairies d'or_, Vol. VIII, p. 289 seq. [24] _Essays_, Vol. II, p. 428. [25] Loc. cit., p. 504. [26] _Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire comparee des sciences mathematiques chez les Grecs et les Orientaux_, 2 vols., Paris, 1845-1849, pp. 438-439. [27] He made an exception, however, in favor of the numerals, loc. cit., Vol. II, p. 503. [28] _Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis_, Madrid, 1760-1770, pp. 426-427. [29] The author, Ibn al-Qif[t.][=i], flourished A.D. 1198 [Colebrooke, loc. cit., note Vol. II, p. 510]. [30] "Liber Artis Logisticae a Mohamado Ben Musa _Alkhuarezmita_ exornatus, qui ceteros omnes brevitate methodi ac facilitate praestat, Indorum que in praeclarissimis inventis ingenium & acumen ostendit." [Casiri, loc. cit., p. 427.] [31] Macoudi, _Le livre de l'avertissement et de la revision_. Translation by B. Carra de Vaux, Paris, 1896.