[203] C. Henry, "Prologus N. Ocreati in Helceph ad Adelardum Batensem magistrum suum," _Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik_, Vol. III, 1880. [204] Max. Curtze, "Ueber eine Algorismus-Schrift des XII. Jahrhunderts," _Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik_, Vol. VIII, 1898, pp. 1-27; Alfred Nagl, "Ueber eine Algorismus-Schrift des XII. Jahrhunderts und ueber die Verbreitung der indisch-arabischen Rechenkunst und Zahlzeichen im christl. Abendlande," _Zeitschrift fuer Mathematik und Physik, Hist.-lit. Abth._, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 129-146 and 161-170, with one plate. [205] "Byzantinische Analekten," _Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik_, Vol. IX, pp. 161-189. [206] [symbol] or [symbol] for 0. [symbol] also used for 5. [symbols] for 13. [Heiberg, loc. cit.] [207] Gerhardt, _Etudes historiques sur l'arithmetique de position_, Berlin, 1856, p. 12; J. Bowring, _The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins, & Accounts_, London, 1854, p. 33. [208] Karabacek, _Wiener Zeitschrift fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes_, Vol. XI, p. 13; _Fuehrer durch die Papyrus-Ausstellung Erzherzog Rainer_, Vienna, 1894, p. 216. [209] In the library of G. A. Plimpton, Esq. [210] Cantor, _Geschichte_, Vol. I (3), p. 674; Y. Mikami, "A Remark on the Chinese Mathematics in Cantor's Geschichte der Mathematik," _Archiv der Mathematik und Physik_, Vol. XV (3), pp. 68-70. [211] Of course the earlier historians made innumerable guesses as to the origin of the word _cipher_. E.g. Matthew Hostus, _De numeratione emendata_, Antwerp, 1582, p. 10, says: "Siphra vox Hebraeam originem sapit refertque: & ut docti arbitrantur, a verbo saphar, quod Ordine numerauit significat. Unde Sephar numerus est: hinc Siphra (vulgo corruptius). Etsi vero gens Iudaica his notis, quae hodie Siphrae vocantur, usa non fuit: mansit tamen rei appellatio apud multas gentes." Dasypodius, _Institutiones mathematicae_, Vol. I, 1593, gives a large part of this quotation word for word, without any mention of the source. Hermannus Hugo, _De prima scribendi origine_, Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1738, pp. 304-305, and note, p. 305; Karl Krumbacher, "Woher stammt das Wort Ziffer (Chiffre)?", _Etudes de philologie neo-grecque_, Paris, 1892. [212] Buehler, loc. cit., p. 78 and p. 86. [213] Fazzari, loc. cit., p. 4. So Elia Misrachi (1455-1526) in his posthumous _Book of Number_, Constantinople, 1534, explains _sifra_ as being Arabic. See also Steinschneider, _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, 1893, p. 69, and G. Wertheim, _Die Arithmetik des Elia Misrachi_, Programm, Frankfurt, 1893. [214] "Cum his novem figuris, et cum hoc signo 0, quod arabice zephirum appellatur, scribitur quilibet numerus."