[215] [Greek: tziphra], a form also used by Neophytos (date unknown, probably c. 1330). It is curious that Finaeus (1555 ed., f. 2) used the form _tziphra_ throughout. A. J. H. Vincent ["Sur l'origine de nos chiffres," _Notices et Extraits des MSS._, Paris, 1847, pp. 143-150] says: "Ce cercle fut nomme par les uns, _sipos, rota, galgal_ ...; par les autres _tsiphra_ (de [Hebrew: TSPR], _couronne_ ou _diademe_) ou _ciphra_ (de [Hebrew: SPR], _numeration_)." Ch. de Paravey, _Essai sur l'origine unique et hieroglyphique des chiffres et des lettres de tous les peuples_, Paris, 1826, p. 165, a rather fanciful work, gives "vase, vase arrondi et ferme par un couvercle, qui est le symbole de la 10^e Heure, [symbol]," among the Chinese; also "Tsiphron Zeron, ou tout a fait vide en arabe, [Greek: tziphra] en grec ... d'ou chiffre (qui derive plutot, suivant nous, de l'Hebreu _Sepher_, compter.") [216] "Compilatus a Magistro Jacobo de Florentia apud montem pesalanum," and described by G. Lami in his _Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum qui in bibliotheca Riccardiana Florentiae adservantur_. See Fazzari, loc. cit., p. 5. [217] "Et doveto sapere chel zeuero per se solo non significa nulla ma e potentia di fare significare, ... Et decina o centinaia o migliaia non si puote scrivere senza questo segno 0. la quale si chiama zeuero." [Fazzari, loc. cit., p. 5.] [218] Ibid., p. 6. [219] Avicenna (980-1036), translation by Gasbarri et Francois, "piu il punto (gli Arabi adoperavano il punto in vece dello zero il cui segno 0 in arabo si chiama _zepiro_ donde il vocabolo zero), che per se stesso non esprime nessun numero." This quotation is taken from D. C. Martines, _Origine e progressi dell' aritmetica_, Messina, 1865. [220] Leo Jordan, "Materialien zur Geschichte der arabischen Zahlzeichen in Frankreich," _Archiv fuer Kulturgeschichte_, Berlin, 1905, pp. 155-195, gives the following two schemes of derivation, (1) "zefiro, zeviro, zeiro, zero," (2) "zefiro, zefro, zevro, zero." [221] Koebel (1518 ed., f. A_4) speaks of the numerals in general as "die der gemain man Zyfer nendt." Recorde (_Grounde of Artes_, 1558 ed., f. B_6) says that the zero is "called priuatly a Cyphar, though all the other sometimes be likewise named." [222] "Decimo X 0 theca, circul[us] cifra sive figura nihili appelat'." [_Enchiridion Algorismi_, Cologne, 1501.] Later, "quoniam de integris tam in cifris quam in proiectilibus,"--the word _proiectilibus_ referring to markers "thrown" and used on an abacus, whence the French _jetons_ and the English expression "to _cast_ an account."