THE CLOSING SCENES (TWENTY-SIXTH TO THIRTY-FIRST DYNASTIES: 655-322 B.C.) 180 Psamthek, 180. The good king Sabach (Shabak) and Psammetichus, 184. The restoration in Egypt, 185. The Persian conquest and the end of Egyptian autonomy, 188. The atrocities of Cambyses, 191. CHAPTER IX MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE EGYPTIANS 196 The position of the king, 198. Weapons of war, 202. Battle methods, 205. Social customs, 208. The Egyptians as seen by Herodotus, 212. Homes of the people, 216. CHAPTER X THE EGYPTIAN RELIGION 219 Religious festivals and offerings, 222. Gifts and riches of temples, 225. Diodorus on animal worship, 228. A modern account of the worship of Apis, the sacred bull, 232. The methods of embalming the dead, 236. CHAPTER XI EGYPTIAN CULTURE 240 The hieroglyphics, 249. “By what characters, pictures, and images the learned Egyptians expressed the mysteries of their mindes,” 250. The riddle of the sphinx, 251. Literature, 257. The Castaway: a tale of the twelfth dynasty, 260. CHAPTER XII CONCLUDING SUMMARY OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY 263 APPENDIX A CLASSICAL TRADITIONS 267 Another ancient account of the Nile, 273. A Greek view of the origins of Egyptian history, 278. APPENDIX B THE PROBLEM OF EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY 287 Manetho’s table of the Egyptian dynasties, 291. BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 293 A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY 295 PART III. MESOPOTAMIA INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE RELATIONS OF BABYLONIA WITH OTHER SEMITIC COUNTRIES. By Joseph Halévy 309 MESOPOTAMIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (6000-538 B.C.) 318 CHAPTER I LAND AND PEOPLE 337 The land, 338. Original peoples of Babylon: the Sumerians, 342. The Semitic Babylonians, 344. The original home of the Babylonian Semite, 347. CHAPTER II OLD BABYLONIAN HISTORY (_ca._ 4500-745 B.C.) 349 The beginnings of history, 351. The rulers of Shirpurla, 351. Kings of Kish and Gishban, 356. The first dynasty of Ur, 359. Kings of Agade, 360. The kings of Ur, 363. Accession of a south Arabian dynasty, 363. The Kassite dynasty, 364. Assyrian conquest of Babylon, 364.