The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 05 : $b the Roman Republic
History
The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 05 : $b the Roman Republic
World history
On the other hand the more ancient account only speaks of three hundred
horsemen in the whole of Romulus’ three centuriæ of knights. They are
the three centuriæ, the equites of the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres. It
is evident that these three hundred knights (centuriæ equitum) could not
have existed before the recognition of the three tribes. If, therefore,
the third tribe was only added after Romulus (about the time of the
Albans),[4] there could only have been one centuria equitum (Luceres)
from that time. The oldest name for these horsemen, or knights, was
celeres. When Livy and Plutarch take the celeres for the bodyguard of
the king, and distinguish these three hundred celeres or bodyguards
from the three hundred horsemen, it is doubtless an error according to
the etymological meaning of the name, as, according to better-informed
authorities, the three hundred celeres and the three centuriæ equitum of
Romulus are one and the same. The story of the bodyguard of Romulus rests
partly upon the misconception of the archaic word “celeres,” and partly
on the tradition that Romulus became a despot in the latter years of
his reign, and was therefore obliged to have a bodyguard like the Greek
tyrants. The leader of the three hundred celeres was called a tribunus
celerum.
It is a fiction of later historians to credit Romulus with certain
statutes of civil and sacred law, as, for example, those pertaining to
the family and to marriage, as well as with the political and military
system.
All these so-called Romulean laws are nothing more than ancient laws of
custom which were not specified in writing or defined by legal acts.
They may have existed in the Papirian collection, although of this we
can only be absolutely certain in the case of one Romulean law; whilst
the comparatively late origin of this collection itself can be proved to
demonstration. The Tabula Marliani cannot be thought worthy of serious
consideration at the present day.
The wars conducted by Romulus are purely fictitious, like so many
supposititious accounts of the monarchy; they are a garbling of events
of the historical period. The campaign against Fidenæ is evidently an
imitation of the successful campaign of the year 328, in which a cleverly
managed ambuscade was the decisive factor, and Fidenæ was likewise
conquered by the Romans entering the gates on the heels of the fleeing
foe. The fall and conquest of Fidenæ is an event which so constantly
recurs in history that we cannot avoid the suspicion that the annalists
purposely multiplied it to swell the empty chronicles of the years of the
monarchy. The tale that Veii was called to arms by the fall of Fidenæ is
also borrowed from later history, in which Veii appears more than once in
league with Fidenæ.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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