1041 Michael drives them back and brings the country again to Byzantine rule. Death of Michael. =Zoe= attempts to rule alone, but finds herself unequal to the task. She adopts her husband’s nephew, =Michael (V) Calaphates=, and makes him emperor. He expels Zoe. At his imprudent acts the people rise in rebellion. 1042 After a fierce battle between the people of Constantinople and the adherents of Michael, the latter and his uncle flee. =Zoe= and her sister =Theodora= are proclaimed co-empresses. Zoe has the eyes of Michael and his uncle put out. Jealous of her sister, Zoe marries =Constantine (X) Monomachus=. Rebellion of Maniaces, brother of Constantine’s mistress Sclerena. He is murdered in the midst of his camp. 1043 Invasion of the Russians; driven back after a defeat by Catacalon. 1045 Successful war with Cacicus, vassal king of Armenia and Iberia, ending in destruction of his kingdom. 1047 Rebellion of Tornicius. 1048 The Patzinaks invade the empire with a large army. Attack of the Seljuk Turks under Toghril. Indecisive battle of Capetron. 1050 Toghril retires to Persia. Death of Zoe. 1052 Second invasion of Toghril. 1053 The Patzinaks driven back to their own territory. 1054 The great schism between the Greek and Roman churches begins. Death of Michael. =Theodora= reigns alone. 1056 Death of Theodora, after appointing =Michael (VI) Stratioticus= her successor. Attempt of Theodosius Monomachus to seize throne. 1057 Battle of Hades. Defeat of Michael by Isaac Comnenus and Catacalon. DECLINE AND FALL OF THE BYZANTINE GOVERNMENT (1057-1204 A.D.) 1057 =Isaac (I) Comnenus= proclaimed emperor. Michael retires to a monastery. The emperor introduces a system of great economy into all branches of the government. 1059 Invasion of the northern frontier by Hungarians and Patzinaks. Treaty of peace concluded. Isaac, after a severe illness, resigns crown into the hands of =Constantine (XI) Ducas=. Through motives of economy the latter materially reduces the size of the army. 1060-1064 Toghril Beg and Alp Arslan invade the empire from Mesopotamia. Ani captured, 1064. 1064 The Uzes, a nomad Turkish tribe, invade from the north. They are driven back by outbreak of the plague. 1067 Death of Constantine. The imperial title conferred on his young sons, =Michael (VII) Ducas Parapinaces Andronicus=, and =Constantine (XII) Ducas=. The empress =Eudocia= is regent. She marries =Romanus (IV) Diogenes=, who is proclaimed as emperor. Great ravage of the Turks. Massacre of Cæsarea. 1068-1069 Successful campaign of Romanus against the Turks. 1070 Manuel Comnenus takes command against the Turks. Alp Arslan captures Manzicert. Romanus returns to the command.