THE BIRTH OF GERMAN NATIONALITY (843-936 A.D.) 574 The reign of Ludwig the German, 575. War with the Slavonic tribes, 576. Ludwig turns against Charles the Bald, 577. The end of Lothair, 578. Ludwig and Charles divide Lothair’s possessions, 580. Last years of Ludwig the German, 580. The sons of Ludwig the German; Charles the Fat, 582. Ludwig the Younger, 583. Ravages of the Northmen, 586. Charles the Fat, 587. Arnulf, 589. Arnulf enters Italy, 591. The Babenberg feud, 593. The Hungarian invasions, 594. Conrad I, 595. Reign of Henry (I) the Fowler, 598. The unification of the empire, 599. Wars against outer enemies, 601. CHAPTER VIII OTTO THE GREAT AND HIS SUCCESSORS (936-1024 A.D.) 608 The coronation of Otto I, 608. The overthrow of the Stem duchies, 609. The tenth-century renaissance, 610. The strengthening of the marks, 613. Victory over the Magyars and Wends, 613. The revival of the Roman Empire, 614. The imperial coronation, 615. Wars in Italy against Byzantium, 617. Comparison of Henry the Fowler and Otto with Charlemagne, 618. The unforeseen evils of Otto’s reign, 620. Otto II, 621. Otto in France and Italy, 622. Quelling of the Slavs, 622. Otto III, 623. Otto III makes and unmakes popes, 624. Henry (II) the Saint, 626. Henry’s policy, 627. Relation of Italy to the empire at death of Henry II, 628. CHAPTER IX THE FRANCONIAN, OR SALIAN DYNASTY (1024-1125 A.D.) 630 A national assembly, 631. Conrad II increases his power, 633. Conrad in Italy and Germany, 635. The accession of Henry III, 638. Henry’s efforts for peace, 639. The papacy subordinated to Henry, 640. The truce of God, 644. Sorrows of Henry’s last years, 645. Henry IV, 646. Quarrel between Henry IV and Gregory VII, 648. “Going to Canossa”: a contemporary account, 650. Henry’s struggle to regain power, 653. Henry and Conrad, 654. End of Henry IV, 655. Henry V and the war of investitures, 656. BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 660 A SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES WRITTEN SPECIALLY FOR THE PRESENT WORK BY JAMES T. SHOTWELL, PH.D. Of Columbia University THE TRANSITION TO THE MIDDLE AGES