1023 Aleppo taken by Salih ben Mardas, and Ramla by Hassan of the tribe of Tai. 1036 =Mustansir Abu Temim= succeeds to caliphate. Aleppo retaken and Syria conquered. 1058 Fatimite caliph publicly recognised caliph in Baghdad by Buyids. About this time occurs persecution of Christians in Alexandria. 1060 Beginning of Norman conquest in Sicily. 1061 Commencement of struggle between blacks and Turks in Egypt. 1069 Great famine in Egypt, followed by pestilence. Nasir ad-Daulah (Turk) conquers caliph, who is only nominal ruler thereafter till death of Nasir (1072). 1071 Aleppo recognises Alp Arslan. All Syria taken by Turkomans. 1072 Assassination of Nasir. Gemali, general and governor of Damascus, recalled. 1076 Egypt invaded by Turkomans, Kurds, and Arabs, under Aksis; routed in second battle by Gemali. 1086 Mahdiya captured and burned by Pisans and Genoese. 1090 Last Sicilian town surrenders to Normans. 1094 Death of Mustansir, succeeded by his son =Mustali Abul-Kasim=. Government in hands of Afdal, son of Gemali. In his reign occurs First Crusade. 1098 Jerusalem, taken by Afdal from Turks, a few months later yields to crusaders. 1099 Fatimite army under Afdal defeated at Askalon. 1101 Death of Mustali, succeeded by his son =Emir=, aged five years. Country governed by Afdal until Emir reaches majority, when he puts Afdal to death. Baldwin takes Ptolemais. 1104 Baldwin takes Tripolis. 1129 Emir put to death by partisans of Afdal, whose son Abu Ali Akhmed usurps government, making =Hafidh=, grandson of Mustansir, nominal caliph. 1149 =Dhafir=, son of Hafidh, succeeds to caliphate. After short reign, on account of his licentiousness is in 1154 assassinated by his vizir. Succeeded by =Al-Faïz=, only five years old. Reign filled with contentions of rival vizirs. 1160 Death of Faïz, succeeded by =Adid=, grandson of Hafidh, and last of Fatimite caliphs. Contentions of vizirs continue. 1162 Adil, son of Adid, dispossesses Shawir of his government in Upper Egypt. Shawir marches against Adil, kills him, and makes himself vizir in his place. Is put to flight by Al-Dirgham, and takes refuge with Nur ad-Din. 1163 Nur ad-Din sends army under Shirkuh to reinstate Shawir. Dirgham defeated, and Shawir restored. He soon throws off allegiance to Nur ad-Din, and allies himself with crusaders. Shirkuh withdraws. 1165 Nur ad-Din again sends Shirkuh to Egypt with a great army, accompanied by Saladin. Battle at Al-Babain, victory of invaders. Alexandria falls into their hands. Crusaders oppose them; Adid beseeches aid from Nur ad-Din. Shirkuh sent again. Shirkuh and Saladin enter Cairo. Shirkuh appointed vizir by Adid; on his death, succeeded 1169 by Saladin as vizir.