BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES FRANCESCO BERTOLINI, J. BURCKHARDT, PIERRE ANTOINE DARU, S. ASTLEY DUNHAM, F. GUICCIARDINI, W. C. HAZLITT, HEINRICH LEO, MACHIAVELLI, F. A. MIGNET, H. E. NAPIER, LORENZO PIGNOTTI, A. VON REUMONT, WILLIAM ROSCOE, J. C. L. S. DE SISMONDI, J. A. SYMONDS WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM ADHÉMAR, AMMIRATO, ANAFESTO, GUGLIELMUS APULIENSIS, ANGELO MARIA BANDINI, CARLO BOTTA, FLAVIUS BLONDUS, BOCCACCIO, POGGIO BRACCIOLINI, H. B. BRIGGS, LYTTON E. G. BULWER, BURCHARD (OR BURCHARDUS), ISAAC BUTT, CAFFARO, CAPPONI, GIOVANNI DE CASTRO, BENVENUTO CELLINI, CARLO CIPOLLA, ANNA COMNENA, ROBERT COMYN, ANTONIO COSCI, ANDREA DANDOLO, DANTE, CARLO DENINA, G. B. DEPPING, DUFFY, HUGO FALCANDUS, FICINO, FLODOARDUS, UBERTUS FOLIETA, E. A. FREEMAN, GALILEO, GEBHARDT, E. GIBBON, P. L. GINGUENÉ, GIOVANNI DIACONO, HENRY HALLAM, W. HEYD, KARL HILLEBRAND, WILLIAM HUNT, J. LABARTHE, M. LAFUENTE, RICORDANO MALASPINA, GOFREDUS MALATERRA, MÉMOIRES DE BAYARD, GIUSEPPE MONTANELLI, E. MÜNTZ, MURATORI, F. T. PERRENS, PETRARCH, GIOVANNI PONTANO, W. H. PRESCOTT, E. PROCTOR, E. QUINET, J. REINACH, W. ROBERTSON, T. DE ROSSI, JOHN RUSKIN, WILLIAM SPALDING, OTTOBONUS SCRIBA, SCRIBÆ, MARCHIRIUS ET BARTHOLOMÆUS, ST. MARC, G. STELLA, TEGRINI, G. B. TESTA, TRAVERSARI, GIORGIO VASARI, G. VILLANI, M. VILLANI, P. VILLARI, F. M. A. VOLTAIRE, WILLIAM WHEWELL, JULES ZELLER COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS. _All rights reserved._ CONTENTS VOLUME IX ITALY PAGE INTRODUCTION. THE SCOPE OF ITALIAN HISTORY: A PREFATORY CHARACTERISATION 1 CHAPTER I ITALY IN THE DARK AGE (476 _ca._-1100 A.D.) 15 The Barbarian invaders, 17. Charlemagne and his successors, 18. The empire and the papacy, 21. The disunited municipalities, 22. The origin of Venice, 24. The origin of the dogeship, 27. Venice in the tenth century, 28. Prosperity and political reforms, 32. Other maritime cities, 35. The Lombard cities and their allies, 36. Florence, 39. Social conditions, 40. Municipal wars, 41. CHAPTER II IMPERIAL AGGRESSIONS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY (1152-1200 A.D.) 45