1388 The men of Glarus aided by a few from Schwyz defeat the Austrians at Näfels. Glarus is delivered from Austria. 1389 The confederates are secured in their conquests by a seven years’ truce with Austria. Glarus permanently rejoins the league. 1393 Schöno’s attempt to deliver Zurich to Austria fails. By the Sempach Ordinance (_Sempacher Brief_) the confederates are drawn closer together by provision for an army and for the preservation of order. 1394 The truce with Austria is prolonged for twenty years. The Swiss Confederacy is recognised and political dependence on Habsburg is practically at an end. The country hereafter is commonly known as _Die Schweiz_ (Switzerland). 1395 Formation of the Upper (Grey) League in the western Grisons. THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1402 Revolt of the people of Appenzell and St. Gall against the abbot of St. Gall. 1403 The Appenzellers defeat the abbot’s forces at Vögelinseck. 1405 The abbot’s troops, assisted by an Austrian army, are defeated in the battle of the Rheinthal or Stoss. 1408 The Appenzellers are beaten at Bregenz. 1411 Appenzell is placed under the protection of the Swiss League (save Bern). 1412 The truce of the league with Austria is prolonged for fifty years. During the first half of the century the league increases its territory, not giving political rights, however, to the acquired lands. 1414 The council of Constance is convened. Switzerland is visited by great numbers of ecclesiastics and great nobles. 1415 Duke Frederick of Austria helps John XXIII escape from Constance. The emperor Sigismund places Frederick under the ban. By Sigismund’s order the confederates conquer the Austrian Aargau. Bern receives the lion’s share. The first common bailiwicks (_Freie Amter_) are established. Uprising of the Valais against the baron von Raron, a despotic ruler. 1416 Lucerne, Uri, and Unterwalden form an alliance with Upper Valais. 1417 Uri and Upper Valais take the Val d’Ossola from Savoy. 1422 The attempts of Uri and the confederates to acquire territory to the south of the Alps receive a check in their defeat by the Milanese at Arbedo. 1424 The Grey League is formally renewed. 1436 The league of the Ten Jurisdictions is formed in the eastern Grisons. Conflicting claims over the territories left by Frederick, count of Toggenburg, cause dissension between Zurich and Schwyz. The other confederates take sides with Schwyz. 1440 The men of Zurich invade Schwyz but are compelled to retreat. Felix Hämmerlin, humanist, furthers the new learning at Zurich. 1442 Zurich allies itself with Austria and resists federal jurisdiction. Civil war (the Old Zurich War) breaks out. 1443 The Zurich troops are defeated at Sankt Jacob on the Sihl. Stüssi, the burgomaster of Zurich is slain.