1499 The Swiss go to the support of their allies in the Grisons against the emperor Maximilian and the Swabian League. Successes of the Swiss at Triesen, at Bruderholz near Bâle, at Calven, at Schwaderloo, and at Frastenz. The Swiss Confederation by the peace of Bâle secures freedom from German imperial regulations and rises to the rank of an allied state of the empire, having practical independence. The Swiss establish their rights in the Thurgau. The league of Ten Jurisdictions in the Grisons confirms an alliance with the Swiss League. 1500 Swiss mercenaries engaged by Louis Sforza surrender Novara to the French rather than fight the Swiss in the French army of Louis XII. By the help of the Swiss Milan becomes a property of France. The practice of Swiss serving in foreign armies has now become frequent. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 1501 Bâle and Schaffhausen (the eleventh and twelfth members) are admitted to the confederation. 1510 Schinner, bishop of Sitten, induces Swiss troops to aid in the expulsion of the French from Italy. 1512 The Swiss conquer Milan and drive the French out of Italy; declare Maximilian duke of Milan. In return the confederates receive Ticino and the Grisons leagues get the Valtellina, Cleves, and Bormio. THE CONFEDERATION OF THIRTEEN STATES 1513 Appenzell is admitted to the confederation, thus completing the confederation of Thirteen States. The Swiss defeat the French at Novara. 1515 Francis I defeats the Swiss at Marignano, breaking the Swiss power in northern Italy. 1516 The Swiss League concludes a treaty of Perpetual Peace with France. Hans Holbein at Bâle wins great reputation as a painter. His work marks the further advance of humanism in Switzerland. 1519 Ulrich (Huldreich) Zwingli preaches the Reformation at Zurich. 1521 Twelve states of the confederation (Zurich being restrained by Zwingli) conclude an alliance with France. 1522 The diet at Lucerne forbids the clergy to preach unauthorised doctrines. 1523 Zwingli’s teaching is sanctioned by the council at two “disputations” at Zurich. Zurich pushes forward the work of the Reformation, but is not supported by the other confederates. The first ecclesiastics are publicly married. 1524 Under Zwingli’s leadership Zurich dissolves the monasteries. The forest states prevail on the diet at Lucerne to pronounce for the old faith. Religious riots occur in the Thurgau. The monastery of Ittingen is burned down. The Reformation progresses in eastern Switzerland.