1525 The mass is discontinued at Zurich. The temporal rights of the Grossmünster are turned over to the state. The Carolinum, a school for humanists, founded by Zwingli and Zurich, is made a nursery of culture. Lausanne concludes an alliance with Fribourg and Bern. The disorders caused by the anabaptists are checked. The Swiss mercenaries are defeated with the French at Pavia. 1526 The disputation at Baden, Eck, and Faber, representing the Catholics, decides in favor of the old faith. Several executions follow. Geneva forms alliances with Bern and Fribourg. 1527 Evangelical coburghership of Zurich and Constance (_Evangelisches Burgrecht_). Execution of Max Wehrli, the Catholic bailiff in the Thurgau. Troubles in Toggenburg and St. Gall widen the breach between Catholics and Evangelicals. 1528 Bern joins Zurich and Constance in favour of religious freedom and is followed by Bâle, Schaffhausen, St. Gall and Mülhausen. The confederation is in danger of breaking up. 1529 Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug form the Christian Alliance (_Christliche Vereinigung_), and ally themselves with Austria. First war of Kappel. The Austrian alliance is annulled and religious parity for each member of the confederation is declared by the first Peace of Kappel. 1530 Genoa with confederate aid secures freedom from Savoy. 1531 Second war of Kappel. The Catholic members of the confederation advance on Zurich. Near Kappel the men of Zurich are defeated and Zwingli is slain. Second Peace of Kappel. The Reformation in Switzerland is considerably checked. Catholic reaction. The league is now completely split into Catholics and evangelicals. 1532 William Farel begins to preach the Reformation in Geneva. 1535 The Reformation is successfully planted in Geneva by Farel. 1536 Bern conquers Vaud and Lausanne and takes them from Savoy. Calvin comes to Geneva. The first Helvetic confession is published. 1538 By influence of the papal party Calvin is exiled from Geneva. 1541 Calvin returns to Geneva and there establishes a theoretic government, the _consistorium_. He enters upon a harsh rule, imprisoning and executing his opponents. 1548 Constance is captured by the Austrians in the war of Smalkalden and is cut off from the Swiss Confederation. 1549 Calvin’s theological disputes with the Zurich reformers are partly settled by the Compromise of Zurich (_Consensus Tigurinus_). 1553 Michael Servetus is burned at the stake at Geneva at the instance of Calvin. 1555 Calvin expels from Geneva many who uphold municipal liberty and replaces them by foreigners. The city gains the name of the “Protestant Rome.” Evangelicals driven out of Locarno take refuge in Zurich. 1559 Calvin founds the University of Geneva.