In the early period, at least, discipline must have severe. If we are allowed to form an opinion based on the old Testament, then we must conclude that the rod took a prominent part in every child's education, and from the authorities given us it is pretty certain that the ancient Jewish parent did not spare the rod whether he spoiled the child or not. In the early epoch, girls received but little training, only such as was necessary to the carrying on of the domestic duties. At no time did girls receive such training as the boys, but in the second epoch they were taught to read and to write with dancing and music and domestic arts. Yet it would seem that there were some women who showed training beyond the simple subjects and who were able to take a place alongside the educated men of their times. Jewish education was unsystematic, narrow, and selfish, art and science was scarcely known, and the literature was limited to the ideas connected with their God. Yet there was produced a beautiful family life, a thoughtful and kind treatment of children, a higher position for women than with any other oriental nation, a great reverence for parents, and a true idea of their relation to the Supreme Being. LITERATURE 1. Cornill, Carl Heinrich, The culture of ancient Israel. 2. Dean, Amos, The history of civilization. 3. Edersheim, Alfred, History of the Jewish nation. 4. Edersheim, Alfred, Sketches of Jewish social life in the days of Christ. 5. Ellis, G. Harold, The origin and development of Jewish education. _Pedagogical seminary_, IX (1902), 50-62. 6. Graves, Frank Pierrepont, A history of education, Before the middle ages. 7. Laurie, S. S., Historical survey of pre-Christian education. 8. Lees, G. Robinson, Village life in Palestine. 9. Letourneau, Ch., The evolution of marriage. 10. Lewis, Henry King, The child, its spiritual nature. 11. McClintock, John, and Strong, James, Cyclopædia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature. 12. Milman, Henry Hart, The history of the Jews from the earliest period down to modern times. 13. Thwing, C. F., The family. CHAPTER IX THE CHILD IN GREECE =Physical Characteristics.= The country of ancient Greece, as is modern Greece, was a small peninsula in Southeastern Europe, projecting into the Mediterranean Sea. It was a mountainous country, with no navigable rivers, and a broken coast line with many good harbors. There were differences of climate, varying from the excessive summer heat of the plains on the coast to the chilling atmosphere of the uplands, and yet as a whole the climate tended to be mild and even, with a bracing and pure atmosphere. Although it does seem that the spirit of freedom and independence was innate with the Greeks, yet the character of the country and the climate tended to emphasize these innate propensities and to bring human culture to a high development.