The Historical Child: Paidology; The Science of the ChildChrisman, Oscar
History
The Historical Child: Paidology; The Science of the Child
Chrisman, Oscar
Children; Manners and customs
There were two family festivals observed with the young child. The first
was of a religious nature, the ceremony of purification, and it usually
took place on the fifth day after birth. The child was held in the arms
of the nurse, midwife, or some member of the family, who ran round a
fire blazing on the family altar, followed by the members of the
household. This was done that the child might thus be placed under the
care of the household gods. It was ended with a feast. The second
festival was that of the name-day, which occurred on the child's tenth
day after birth. This was a very important event in the life of the
child, as on this occasion the infant was acknowledged by the father as
his own and he committed himself to its rearing and education. A feast
was held, a special cake was eaten, a sacrifice was offered, chiefly to
the goddess of child-bearing, and the baby was given a name. Presents
were given to the child, among them being charms or amulets and which
were hung around its neck to protect it against magical arts and the
evil eye. The favorite name for the eldest son was that of his paternal
grandfather. Sometimes the boy was named for his father or there might
be a shortened form of the grandfather's or father's name. He might be
named for an intimate friend or for some god or for some action or
condition or experience in his father's life. Later in life the boy
might receive a nickname that would take the place of his real name.
In the earlier times the mothers both of Athens and Sparta nursed their
children, but later this was abandoned and nurses were procured.
Wet-nurses were employed for the baby's first year or a half year longer
and then a regular nurse was obtained for the child. In Sparta the
nurses were usually from the women of the perioeci, and the other
peoples of Greece preferred the Spartan nurses because they were strong
and healthy and also gave the children a vigorous training. "When the
child grew to some understanding, the nurse told stories out of the
great wealth of Greek mythology and Æsopian beast fables which
circulated among the Greeks from the earliest times; also ghost stories,
chiefly to frighten and subdue the rebellious: about the horrible
bugaboo called Mormo; about Acco, who carried off bad children in a huge
sack; or Lamia, once a princess, who ate her own and others' children;
or Empūsa, a hobgoblin that took any shape it pleased. If these stories
failed to restrain the naughty child, then the sandal was vigorously
applied."[166]
The earlier cradle was of basket-work, in the form of a flat swing. A
later one was shaped like a shoe, having handles at the sides for
carrying and suspending. In yet later times appeared cradles similar to
those of modern times. Lullabies were sung over children as now. One
cradle-song has come down to us in this form:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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