3. Dutt, Romesh Chunder, A history of civilization in ancient India. 4. Graves, Frank Pierrepont, A history of education, Before the middle ages. 5. Laurie, S. S., Historical survey of pre-Christian education. 6. Letourneau, Ch., The evolution of marriage. 7. Mill, James, The history of British India. 8. Ragozin, Zénaïde A., Vedic India. 9. Ramabai, Pundita, The high-caste Hindu woman. 10. Rhys-Davids, T. W., Buddhist India. CHAPTER V THE CHILD IN CHINA =Women and Marriage.= The Chinese have an old maxim that "a woman is thrice dependent; before marriage, on her father; after marriage, on her husband; when a widow, on her son." But this refers, no doubt, principally to support and subsistence, as the mother was greatly respected and had much authority for even "the emperor himself performs the ceremonies of the _ko-tow_ before his own mother, who receives them seated on a throne."[70] This power of the mother was carried to the daughter-in-law, for after marriage the girl was no longer a daughter but a daughter-in-law and for a considerable part of her life she was under the absolute control of a mother-in-law. Cruel treatment was the rule rather than the exception and the only way out was through suicide, and suicide and attempts at suicide on the part of wives were so frequent as to cause but little comment. Christianity requires a man to leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife, but Confucianism requires a man to cleave to his father and mother and compels the wife to do the same. The sale of wives and children was not uncommon. "It is perfectly well known to those acquainted with the facts, that during several recent years in many districts stricken with famine, the sale of women and children was conducted as openly as that of mules and donkeys, the only essential difference being that the former were not driven to market."[71] Modesty was deemed so essential in the female character that it was considered indecorous in women of birth and breeding to show even their hands, and the dresses were so made that the long sleeves usually covered the hands when touching or moving anything. Yet there was adultery, which was considered a most heinous offence, but instead of bringing the offender before a magistrate many cases were dealt with in private. The offender would be attacked by a band of men and sometimes his legs were broken, sometimes his arms, and again quicklime would be rubbed into his eyes, destroying the sight.