The Historical Evidence for the Virgin BirthTaylor, Vincent
Religion
The Historical Evidence for the Virgin Birth
Taylor, Vincent
Bible. Gospels; Jesus Christ -- Nativity; Virgin birth
Even if we do not press LXX influence (for γ. in this special sense is
found “in Greek writers from the Alexandrian age down”),(59) it is not at
all apparent why St. Luke himself should not have used the word. And if
the argument in favour of the theory of interpolation is to be sustained,
it is scarcely enough to urge the bare fact that St. Luke does not use γ.
as in i. 34 elsewhere. An idiom which occurs in Greek writers from the
time of Menander(60) (B.C. 325) may well have been known to a writer like
St. Luke, apart from its presence in the Septuagint. If verses 34, 35 are
indeed Lukan, it is quite probable that in γ. we should find the influence
of the Septuagint, but we are not at all shut up to Septuagint usage. In
the connexion in which it occurs γινώσκω was a suitable word to employ,
and its presence there is in no way incongruous with Lukan authorship.
3. In these verses the word which is of greatest difficulty is without
doubt ἐπεί. In the rest of the New Testament it occurs 25 times. Of these
10 are found in the Pauline Epistles and 9 in the Epistle to the Hebrews.
The remaining 6 appear in the Gospels; 3 in Mt., 1 in Mk., and 2 in Jn.
Apart then from i. 34 ἐπεί occurs nowhere in St. Luke’s works.
There are, it is true, two Lukan passages, one in the Gospel (vii. 1) and
the other in the Acts (xiii. 46), where ἐπεί δέ occurs in some MSS. The
true reading, however, in both cases is probably ἐπειδή.(61) We have,
therefore, to face the fact, that not only is ἐπεί found nowhere else in
St. Luke’s works, but that elsewhere he seems to prefer ἐπειδή and
ἐπειδήπερ (the latter in the Prologue to the Gospel, and the former five
times out of the ten cases in which it occurs in the New Testament). Here
is the strongest argument, which on linguistic grounds can be urged
against the genuineness of i. 34 f. The richness of St. Luke’s vocabulary
increases the difficulty.(62) Why, if he has used ἐπεί in i. 34, he should
never employ it again, is a question which it is not easy to answer. If,
in view of the evidence as a whole, the case for an interpolation fails,
we shall have to content ourselves with the fact, however strange, that
here and here only έπεί occurs in Lk. A writer indeed may use a word once
and never again. Ἐπεί occurs but once in Mk. (xv. 42), and it may be so
here. Assuredly, in a linguistic argument room must always be left for the
occurrence of ἅπαξ λεγόμενα in an individual writer. The force of this
contention is, however, somewhat weakened by the preference which St. Luke
seems to show for ἐπειδή, and it must be allowed that the case for an
interpolation does receive support from ἐπεί.
c.
We have now to consider the _third_ division of the linguistic evidence.
It includes the following words and phrases:
τὸ γεννώμενον (the construction),
κληθήσεται,
δύναμις Ὑψίστου,
διὸ καί,
ἐπισκιάσει σοι,
Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ σέ,
εἶπεν δὲ ... πρὸς ...
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