favour of the great metropolis of _Toledo_, which numbered _Cordova_ and _Valladolid_ among its suffragans. ♦Compostella, Burgos, Seville, and Granada. | Braga, Evora, Lisbon.♦ Leaving out some anomalous districts, the rest of the peninsula formed the provinces of St. James of _Compostella_, _Burgos_, _Seville_, _Granada_, with _Braga_, _Evora_, and the patriarchal see of _Lisbon_, the last three answering to the kingdom of Portugal. And it must be remembered that the Pyrenees did not form an eternal boundary in ecclesiastical, any more than in civil geography. ♦Dioceses of Pampeluna and Bayonne.♦ As the kingdom of Navarre stretched on both sides of the mountains, so did the diocese of _Pampeluna_; and to the west of it the Gaulish diocese of _Bayonne_ stretched on what is now Spanish ground. All these are survivals of a time when, to use the phrase of a later day, there were no Pyrenees, or when at least the same rulers, first Gothic and then Saracen, reigned on both sides of them. § 5. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of the British Islands._ ♦The British islands.♦ The historical phænomena of the British islands have points in common with more than one of the continental countries. In a very rough and general view of things, Britain has some analogies with Spain. It is not altogether without reason that in some legendary stories the names of Saxons and Saracens get confounded. In both cases a land which had been Christian was overrun by conquerors of another creed; in both a Christian people held their ground in a part of the country; and in both the whole land was won back to Christianity, though by different and even opposite processes in the two cases. ♦The Celtic episcopate.♦ But there is no reason to believe that the Celtic churches in Britain and Ireland had anything like the same complete ecclesiastical organization as the Spanish churches under the Goths. ♦Tribal episcopacy.♦ The Celtic episcopate was of an irregular and anomalous kind, and, in its most intelligible shape, it was, as was natural under the circumstances of the country, not a city episcopate, hardly a territorial episcopate, but one strictly tribal. This is nearly the only fact in the history of the early Celtic churches which is of any importance for our purpose. It might be too much to say that traces of this peculiarity were handed on from the Celtic to the English Church. The little likeness that there is between them is rather due to the fact that in Northern Europe generally, whether Celtic or Teutonic, a strictly city episcopate like that of Italy and Gaul was something which in the nature of things could not be.