In no part of Christendom have the ecclesiastical divisions been more completely upset in modern times than they have been in Germany. In France the number of dioceses was greatly lessened by the _Concordat_ under the first Buonaparte; but the main ecclesiastical landmarks were to a great extent respected. In Germany, on the other hand, no trace of them is left. The country has been mapped out afresh to suit the boundaries of patched-up modern kingdoms. Mainz and Trier are no longer metropolitan sees, while the modern map shows such novelties as an Archbishop of München and an Archbishop of Freiburg. ♦Changes of Philip the Second in the Netherlands.♦ Long before, under Philip the Second of Spain, those parts of the German kingdom which had become practically detached under the Dukes of Burgundy underwent a complete change in their ecclesiastical divisions. ♦Cambray, Mechlin, Utrecht.♦ _Cambray_ and _Mechlin_ in the province of Rheims, and _Utrecht_ in the province of Köln, became metropolitan sees. Modern political changes have made these three cities members of three distinct political powers. § 4. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Spain._ ♦Peculiarities of Spanish ecclesiastical geography.♦ The ecclesiastical history of the Spanish peninsula presents phænomena of a different kind from those of Italy, Gaul, or Germany. In Italy and Gaul the ecclesiastical divisions go on uninterruptedly from the earliest days of Christianity. Western Germany must count for these purposes as part of Gaul. In eastern Germany the ecclesiastical divisions were formed in later times, as Christianity was spread over the country. In Spain the country must have been mapped out for ecclesiastical purposes at least as early as Gaul. ♦Old divisions lost, and mapped out afresh after the recovery from the Saracens.♦ But the Mahometan conquest of the greater part of the country, followed by the Christian reconquest, caused the old ecclesiastical lines to be wiped out, and new divisions had to be traced out afresh as the land was gradually won back. ♦Ecclesiastical divisions under the West-Goths.♦ The ecclesiastical divisions of Spain in the time of the Gothic kingdom simply reproduce the civil divisions of the period, as those civil divisions are only a slight modification of the Roman provinces. _Lusitania_ and _Bætica_ survived, with a slight change of frontier, both as civil and as ecclesiastical divisions. _Tarraconensis_ was for both purposes divided into three, _Tarraconensis_, _Carthagenensis_, and _Gallæcia_. As the land was won back, and as new ecclesiastical provinces were formed, the number was greatly increased, and some of them found their way to new sites. ♦Tarragona, Zaragoza, Valencia.♦ Thus the Tarraconensian province was again divided into three, those of _Tarragona_, _Zaragoza_, and _Valencia_, answering nearly to the kingdom of Aragon. ♦Toledo.♦ New Carthage lost its metropolitan rank in