Distinctions among the fiefs; the great vassals; Normandy; Britanny 328 The Twelve Peers; different position of the bishops in Germany and Karolingia 328-329 § 1. _Incorporation of the Vassal States._ The duchy of France in 987; the King cut off from the sea 329-330 The neighbouring states; position of the Parisian kings 330 The kings less powerful than the dukes; advantages of their kingship; first advances of the kings 331 The House of Anjou; gradual union of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Aquitaine, and Gascony 331-333 Acquisition of continental Normandy, Anjou, &c. 333-334 The English kings keep Aquitaine and insular Normandy 334 Sudden greatness of France 334 Fiefs of Aragon in Southern Gaul; counts of Toulouse and Barcelona 334-335 Effects of the Albigensian war; French annexations; Roussillon and Barcelona freed from homage 335 Languedoc 335 Other annexations of Saint Lewis 335-336 Annexation of Champagne; temporary possession of Navarre 336-337 The Hundred Years’ War; relations between France and Aquitaine; momentary possession of Aquitaine by Philip the Fair 337 Peace of Bretigny; Aquitaine and other lands freed from homage 337-338 Peace of Troyes; momentary union of the French and English crowns 338 Final annexation of Aquitaine; beginning of the modern French kingdom 338-339 Growths of the Dukes of Burgundy; the towns on the Somme; momentary annexation of Artois and the County of Burgundy 339-340 Annexation of the duchy of Burgundy; Flanders and Artois released from homage; analogy with Aquitaine 340-343 § 2. _Foreign Annexations of France._ Relations between France and England; Boulogne; Dunkirk 341-342 Relations between France and Spain; Roussillon; Navarre; Andorra 342-343 Advance at the cost of the Imperial kingdoms, first Burgundy, then Germany 343 Effect of the Burgundian conquests of France; relations with Savoy and Switzerland 344 History of the _Langue d’oc_ 345 French dominion in Italy; slight extent of real annexation 345-346 French annexations from Germany; the Three Bishoprics; effect of isolated conquests 346