In one or two instances I have taken some small liberties with my dates. Thus, for instance, the map of the greatest extent of the Saracen dominion shows all the countries which were at any time under the Saracen power. But there was no one moment when the Saracen power took in the whole extent shown in the map. Sind and Septimania were lost before Crete and Sicily were won. But such a view as I have given seemed on the whole more instructive than it would have been to substitute two or three maps showing the various losses and gains at a few years’ distance from one another. I have to thank a crowd of friends, including some whom I have never seen, for many hints, and for much help given in various ways. Such are Professor Pauli of Göttingen, Professor Steenstrup of Copenhagen, Professor Romanos of Corfu, M. J.-B. Galiffe of Geneva, Dr. Paul Turner of Budapest, Professor A. W. Ward of Manchester, the Rev. H. F. Tozer, Mr. Ralston, Mr. Morfill, Mrs. Humphry Ward, and my son-in-law Arthur John Evans, whose praise is in all South-Slavonic lands. SOMERLEAZE, WELLS: _December 16, 1880._ CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. PAGE Definition of Historical Geography 1 Its relation to kindred studies 1-2 Distinction between geographical and political names 3-5 § 1. _Geographical Aspect of Europe._ Boundaries of Europe and Asia 5-6 General geography of the two continents—the great peninsulas 6-7 § 2. _Effects of Geography on History._ Beginnings of history in the southern peninsulas—characteristics of Greece and Italy 7-8 Advance and extent of the Roman dominion; the Mediterranean lands, Gaul, and Britain 8-9 Effects of the geographical position of Germany, France, Spain, Scandinavia, Britain 9-10 Effect of geographical position on the colonizing powers 10 Joint working of geographical position and national character 11 § 3. _Geographical Distribution of Races._ Europe an Aryan continent—non-Aryan remnants and latter settlements 12 Fins and Basques 13 Order of Aryan settlements; Greeks and Italians 13 Celts, Teutons, Slaves, Lithuanians 14-15 Displacement and assimilation among the Aryan races 16 Intrusion of non-Aryans; Saracens 16 Turanian intrusions; Bulgarians; Magyars; Ottomans; differences in their history 17 CHAPTER II. GREECE AND THE GREEK COLONIES. § 1. _The Eastern or Greek Peninsula._