[157] Rosellini, _loc. cit._ 1, 38. [158] Brugsch, _loc. cit._ p. 55, 56. [159] "Revue archéolog." 1862, p. 297; 1864, p. 69. [160] Bunsen, "Ægypt." 2, 323; Lepsius, "Chronolog." s. 287. [161] Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 259. On the fortifications, De Vogüé, "Athen. franz." Sept. 55, p. 84. [162] Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 68, 69. [163] Lepsius, _loc. cit._ s, 81; Brugsch, _loc. cit._ p. 67. [164] Herod. 2, 13, 101, 149. [165] Diod. 1, 51, 52. "This is what the Egyptians tell of Moeris." [166] Strabo. p. 809-811. Tac. Annal. 2, 61. [167] Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 81. [168] Linant, "Mémoire sur le lac Moeris." [169] Lepsius, _loc. cit._ [170] Linant, _loc. cit._ [171] Herod. 2, 148. [172] Diod. 1, 89, 66, 61. [173] Strabo. p. 811; for [Greek: teichous mikrou] we must obviously read [Greek: makrou], and for [Greek: echontes, echontos]. [174] Strabo. p. 811; cf. 813. [175] Plin. "Hist. Nat." 36, 19. As the building was actually not more than a stadium square, the statement of Herodotus that there were 1500 chambers above the earth--quite irrespective of the 1500 underground--is inexplicable, unless the chambers were very small. In Pliny we must read 1500 for 15,000. [176] Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 74 ff. [177] Brugsch, "Histoire d'Egypte," p. 63; Ebers, "Die Bücher Mose's," s. 98. [178] De Rougé in Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 69. CHAPTER V. THE HYKSOS AND THE RESTORATION OF THE EGYPTIAN KINGDOM. In spite of the union of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the extension of the Egyptian dominion up the Nile as far as Semne and Kumne, the kingdom of the pyramids, of the lake of Moeris, and the labyrinth succumbed to the attack of a foreign enemy. According to Josephus, Manetho, in the second book of his Egyptian History, gave the following account: "There was a king Amyntimaeus. In his reign the divine power, I know not why, was ungracious. From the East came an unexpected swarm of men belonging to a tribe of no great reputation, with a bold resolution of taking the country. This they succeeded in doing without much trouble. They made themselves masters of the ruling princes, ruthlessly set fire to the cities, and destroyed the shrines of the gods. Towards the inhabitants they behaved in a most hostile manner; some they put to the sword, from others they carried away their wives and children into slavery. At last they made one of their own number, by name Salatis, their king. He took up his abode at Memphis, collected tribute from the Upper and Lower country, and placed garrisons in the most suitable places. The eastern districts were fortified most strongly, since he foresaw that the Assyrians, who were then growing in power, would be seized with the desire of invading his country. In the Saitic (Sethroitic) province he found a city excellently adapted for his purpose, lying eastwards of the river from Bubastis, and called Avaris, from some old legend or another.