[399] Levit. xii. 3. The Arabian tribes in the north of the peninsula, who were nearly related to the Hebrews, observed this custom, and the Phenicians also, while the Philistines did not observe it; Herod. 2, 104. In Genesis (xxi. 4; xvii. 12-14, 25) it is expressly mentioned that Ishmael was not circumcised till his thirteenth year, but Isaac was circumcised at the proper time, on the eighth day. This shows that circumcision was a very ancient custom among the Israelites, and at the same time indicates that among the Arabs the boys were not circumcised till later years, which may have been the case in the older times among the Hebrews also. Cf. Joshua v. 1-9; Joseph. "Antiq." 1, 12, 3. [400] Exod. iv. 24; cf. De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 282. [401] Numbers xxxiii. 50-56; Exod. xxiii. 29 ff; xxxiv. 12-16; Vol. i. 500. [402] Levit. xviii. 21; xx. 2, 27; Exod. xxii. 18. [403] Levit. xix. 27-29. [404] Deut. xxi. 11-14; cf. Numbers xii. 1. [405] Levit. xix. 35, 36. [406] Exod. xxiii. 10, 11; Levit. xxv. 20. [407] Levit. xxv. 24-31. [408] Exod. xxii. 25-27; Levit. xxv. 35-38. [409] Numbers xxxv. 30; Levit. xix. 15. [410] Exod. xxi. 16. [411] Exod. xxi. 12-14; Numbers xxxv. 31; Joshua xx. 7-9. [412] Numbers xxxv. 25-28. [413] Exod. xxi. 28-36. [414] Exod. xxi. 32; Hosea iii. 2; cf. Deuteron. xxii. 19, 29. [415] Levit. xix. 29; xxi. 9. [416] Levit. xviii. 20; xx. 10. [417] Numbers v. 5-31. [418] Levit. xviii. [419] Exod. xxi. 7, 8. [420] Exod. xxi. 17; Levit. xx. 9. [421] Numbers xxxvi. 1-11; Tobit vii. 10; Numbers xxvii. 9. [422] Levit. xix. 13. [423] Exod. xx. 10. [424] Exod. xxi. 20, 21, 26; Vol. i. 483. [425] Levit. xxv. 47 ff. [426] Levit. xxv. 39-41. CHAPTER X. JUDAH AND ISRAEL.