[245] In Yajnavalka, 2, 95, we find: "The balance, fire, water, poison, and lustral water are the judgment of the gods for purification; these are applied in great charges, if the accuser is prepared for a fine." The later law knows nine divine judgments; it adds the corns of rice, the hot piece of gold, the ploughshare, and the lot. Brahmans, women, children, old men, sick persons, and the weak are to be tested by the balance; the Kshatriya by the fire, the Vaiçya by water, the Çudra by poison. In the test of the balance (Yama weighed the souls on scales, _supr._ p. 137), the point was that the person to be tested should be found lighter on the second weighing than on the first; in the test of fire, a piece of red-hot iron, covered with leaves, must be carried seven paces forward; each burn was a mark of guilt. The red-hot ploughshare must be licked by the accused person; if his tongue was not burnt he was acquitted; a piece of gold must be picked out of boiling oil and the hand must show no marks. The taking of a particular poison which ought to have no evil effects on the accused, and the drinking of lustral water poured over the images of the gods, which was not to be followed by any evil effects, and the piece of gold in the boiling oil are later additions. According to an Upanishad to the Samaveda, guilt or innocence is proved by the grasping a red-hot axe; a burn is a proof of guilt. Stenzler, in "Z. D. M. G." 9, 662 ff. A. Weber, "Vorles." s. 79^2. [246] Manu, 8, 11, 21. [247] Manu, 9, 276. Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 413. [248] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 408. Yet Aryas are found also, Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 365. [249] Manu, 9, 237, 239-242. [250] Manu, 9, 275. [251] Manu, 9, 232. [252] Manu, 9, 279. [253] Manu, 8, 344-347. [254] Manu, 9, 261-268, 278. [255] Manu, 9, 276. [256] Manu, 9, 277. [257] Manu, 8, 341, 342. [258] Manu, 7, 130. [259] Manu, 8, 398; 7, 131. [260] Manu, 7, 118, 138. [261] Manu, 7, 62. [262] Manu, 7, 129. [263] Manu, 7, 133. [264] Bohlen, "Indien," 2, 46. [265] Megasthenes, in Strabo, p. 708 and below. [266] Manu, 7, 54. [267] Manu, 7, 58, 59. [268] Ramayana, ed. Schlegel, 1, 7. [269] Manu, 7, 114. [270] Manu, 7, 116-118. [271] Manu, 7, 123. [272] Manu, 7, 118-120. [273] Manu, 7, 124. [274] Manu, 6, 69-75. [275] Manu, 7, 126. The Indians learned to coin money from the Greeks after the year 300 B.C.; till that time their coinage consisted of weighed pieces of copper, silver, and gold, with the mark of the weight as a stamp. The _pana_ is a copper weight of this kind; to this day the name denotes copper money in India. The _drona_ is a weight of about 30 pounds. Cf. Lassen, 2, 574. [276] Manu, 7, 37. [277] Manu, 7, 218. [278] Manu, 7, 222. [279] Manu, 7, 224-226. [280] Manu, 7, 101-103. [281] Manu, 7, 154-158. [282] Manu, 7, 63-68. [283] Manu, 7, 107, 158-163, 198. [284] Manu, 7, 205, 210. [285] Manu, 7, 90-93. [286] Ramayana, 2, 52. [287] Ramayana, 2, 1-17.