Progress of Society--The Rise of Poetry in modern Europe-- Troubadours--Trouveres--Various Poetical Compositions--Effect of Poetry upon Chivalry--Effect of the Crusades on Society-- State of Palestine after the Second Crusade--Cession of Edessa to the Emperor Manuel Comnenus--Edessa completely subjected by the Turks--Ascalon taken by the Christians-- State of Egypt under the last Califs of the Fatimite Race-- The Latins and the Atabecks both design the Conquest of Egypt--Struggles for that Country--Rise of Saladin--Disputes among the Latins concerning the Succession of the Crown--Guy of Lusignan crowned--Saladin invades Palestine--Battle of Tiberias--Fall of Jerusalem--Conquest of all Palestine--Some Inquiry into the Causes of the Latin Overthrow 219 CHAPTER XII. The News of the Fate of Palestine reaches Europe--The Archbishop of Tyre comes to seek for Aid--Assistance granted by William the Good, of Sicily--Death of Urban, from Grief at the Loss of Jerusalem--Gregory VIII. promotes a Crusade-- Expedition of Frederic, Emperor of Germany--His Successes-- His Death--State of Europe--Crusade promoted by the Troubadours--Philip Augustus and Henry II. take the Cross-- Laws enacted--Saladin's Tenth--War renewed--Death of Henry II.--Accession of Richard Coeur de Lion--The Crusade-- Philip's March--Richard's March--Affairs of Sicily--Quarrels between the Monarchs--Philip goes to Acre--Richard subdues Cyprus--Arrives at Acre--Siege and Taking of Acre--Fresh Disputes--Philip Augustus returns to Europe--Richard marches on--Battle of Azotus--Heroism of Richard--Unsteady Councils-- The Enterprise abandoned 237 CHAPTER XIII. Death of Saladin--Disunion among his Successors--Celestine III. preaches a new Crusade--Henry of Germany takes the Cross--Abandons his Purpose--Crusaders proceed without him-- Saif Eddin takes the Field, and captures Jaffa--The Crusaders are reinforced--Defeat Saif Eddin--Lay Siege to Thoron-- Seized with Panic, and retreat--Disperse--Death of Henry of Champagne, King of Jerusalem--His Widow marries Almeric, King of Cyprus--Truce--Death of Almeric; and Isabella Mary, Heiress of Jerusalem, wedded to John of Brienne--Affairs of Europe--Innocent III. and Foulque, of Neuilly, promote a Crusade--The Barons of France take the Cross--Proceed to Venice--Their Difficulties--Turn to the Siege of Zara--A Change of Purpose--Proceed to Constantinople--Siege and Taking of that City--Subsequent Proceedings--A Revolution in Constantinople, Alexius deposed by Murzuphlis--Second Siege and Capture of the Greek Capital--Flight of Murzuphlis-- Plunder and Outrage--Baldwin, Count of Flanders, elected Emperor 264 CHAPTER XIV.