[21] One of our leading ethnologists, Mr. J. Crawfurd, F.R.S., expresses the view, in a paper read by him before the Ethnological Society, March 10, 1868, that the discovery and art of manufacturing some kind of intoxicating drink may be said to be coeval with the first dawn of social development, for it has soon been made by barbarians of every race in possession of the requisite raw materials; it is mere wandering savages, he says, that have been found ignorant of it. The same author considers that the vine is indigenous in several parts of Western Asia and Southern Europe. [22] Confucius et Mencius, par M. G. Pauthier, p. 152. Paris: Charpentier. [23] Wright’s Homes of Other Days, p. 269. Trübner & Co. [24] Confucius et Mencius, p. 153, _et seq._: “dejà entrées en putréfaction.” [25] Confucius et Mencius, p. 108. [26] Ibid., p. 114. [27] Ibid., p. 144. [28] Ibid., p. 148. [29] Ibid., p. 333. [30] Ibid., p. 355. This game was made an excuse for gambling, a vice still prevalent in China. [31] Legge’s Chinese Classics. Trübner & Co. [32] Legge’s “She-King, or Book of Ancient Chinese Poetry.” Trübner & Co. [33] Legge’s Chinese Classics, vol. iii. pt. i p. 274. [34] Other accounts are to be found in the “Shoo-King” of the condition of China at the time, and one (vol. iii. pt. i. p. 274) describes the people as being given up to highway robberies, villainies, and treachery; the nobles as violating the laws; and that there was no certainty of the apprehension of criminals. All this was attributed to the growth of drunkenness. [35] The She-King, pp. 182, 183. [36] The She-King, p. 252. [37] Ibid., p. 308. [38] Ibid., p. 314. [39] Ibid., p. 207. [40] The She-King, p. 375. [41] Ibid., p. 261. [42] Ibid., p. 322. [43] Ibid., p. 195. [44] The She-King, pp. 266-268. [45] The great reformer known to us as Buddha was born at the foot of the mountains of Nepaul, and his death took place according to one writer 543 B.C., according to another 477 B.C., consequently about a year before the date assigned for the death of Confucius. See Max Müller’s “Chips from a German Workshop,” vol. i. p. 247. [46] Hardy’s Eastern Monachism, p. 24. Partridge & Oakey. [47] Ibid., pp. 80-82. [48] Morewood, p. 231, and elsewhere. This author gives interesting details of the distilling processes in China. [49] Social Life of the Chinese, by the Rev. Justus Doolittle, p. 500. Sampson Low & Co. [50] Ibid., pp. 500-512. [51] Chinese Sketches, by H. A. Giles, of H.B.M. Consular Service, p. 154. Trübner & Co. [52] This is explained by Mr. Doolittle, who says that many games are played, in the course of which the loser is compelled repeatedly to empty his cup of wine. [53] Chinese Sketches, p. 12. [54] History of the Ancient Sanskrit Literature, pp. 523, 572. Williams & Norgate. [55] Haug’s Essays on the Religion, &c., of the Parsees, pp. 280-283. Trübner & Co. [56] The Bases of Temperance Reform, p. 113. Rev. D. Burns, M.A. London: Tweedie & Co.