Neither were the orders of temperance which were established in the Middle Ages much more successful. Those were not mere associations of the “moral suasion” class. Some of them were founded and governed by emperors, princes, and counts, others by ecclesiastics or burghers. They were levelled not only at drinking, but at its companion sins, cursing and swearing; and the records of some of them would delight the heart of a modern suppressor of the liquor traffic, from the severity with which they show the rules to have been enforced. In some, the fines which were inflicted upon the members for breaches of discipline were moderate, the transgressor having to pay, “through the will of God, three kreuzers to the poor.” In other cases a Rhenish florin was the forfeit. Those seem to have been high-class societies. Occasionally, however, we meet with such punishments as “three days and three nights in gaol,” but that was for a miserable “knecht” (a serf); gentlemen were not so rudely handled. In their case it was “five shillings and costs,” not “fourteen days’ imprisonment.” But if these enactments and associations for the suppression of drunkenness testified to its widespread prevalence, how much more significant is the undoubted fact that there were orders of _in_temperance, with formal codes of rules. The drinking-songs of the students, and the drinking-code (_Jus potandi_), which is believed by some writers to have been a genuine collection of rules for the regulation of drinking, and by others to be merely a satire levelled against drunkenness, reveal the situation to all who care to peruse them.[186] Here is a description of the habits of the time as given by the students:[187]— “Bibit hera, bibit herus, Bibit miles, bibit clerus, Bibit ille, bibit illa, Bibit servus cum ancilla, Bibit velox, bibit piger, Bibit albus, bibit niger, Bibit constans, bibit vagus, Bibit rudis, bibit magus. ... Bibit pauper et ægrotus, Bibit exul et ignotus, Bibit puer, bibit canus, Bibit præsul et decanus, Bibit soror, bibit frater, Bibit anus, bibit mater, Bibit iste, bibit ille, Bibunt centum, bibunt mille.”