13. Why was it such a good thing for the future of civilization in England and France that so many of its nobility perished in the Crusades? 14. State a number of ways in which the Crusade movements had a beneficial effect on western Europe. 15. Show how the revival of commerce was an educative and a civilizing influence of large importance. 16. Would the organization of commerce and banking, and the establishment of the sanctity of obligations in a country, be one important measure of the civilization to which that country had attained? Illustrate. 17. Show how the development of industry and commerce and the accumulation of wealth tend to promote order and security, and to extend educational advantages. 18. Contrast a mediaeval guild and a modern labor union. A guild and a modern fraternal and benevolent society. 19. Why did apprenticeship education continue so long with so little change, when it is now so rapidly being superseded? 20. Does the rise of a new Estate in society indicate a period of slow or rapid change? Why is such an evolution of importance for education and civilization? SELECTED READINGS In the accompanying _Book of Readings_ the following selections are reproduced: 85. Draper: The Moslem Civilization in Spain. 86. Draper: Learning among the Moslems in Spain. 87. Norton: Works of Aristotle known by 1300. 88. Averroës: On Aristotle's Greatness. 89. Roger Bacon: How Aristotle was received at Oxford. 90. Statutes: How Aristotle was received at Paris. (a) Decree of Church Council, 1210 A.D. (b) Statutes of Papal Legate, 1215 A.D. (c) Statutes of Pope Gregory, 1231 A.D. (d) Statutes of the Masters of Arts, 1254 A.D. 91. Cousin: Abelard's _Sic et Non_. (a) From the Introduction. (b) Types of Questions raised for Debate. 92. Rashdall: The Great Work of the Schoolmen. 93. Justinian: Preface to the Justinian Code. 94. Giry and Réville: The Early Mediaeval Town. (a) To the Eleventh Century. (b) By the Thirteenth Century. 95. Gross: An English Town Charter. 96. London: Oath of a New Freeman in a Mediaeval Town. 97. Riley: Ordinances of the White-Tawyers' Guild. 98. State Report: School of the Guild of Saint Nicholas. 99. England, 1396: A Mediaeval Indenture of Apprenticeship. QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS 1. Contrast the state of civilization in Spain and the rest of Europe about 1100 (85, 86). 2. Considering Aristotle's great intellectual worth (88) and work (87), is it to be wondered that the mediaevals regarded him with such reverence? 3. Do we today accept Abelard's premise (91 a) as to attaining wisdom? Would his questions (91 b) excite much interest to-day? 4. How do you explain the change in attitude toward him shown by the successive statutes enacted (90 a-d) for the University of Paris? 5. Would the extract from Roger Bacon (89) lead you to think him a man ahead of the times in which he lived? Why?