The history of England, from the earliest times to the Norman ConquestHodgkin, Thomas
History
The history of England, from the earliest times to the Norman Conquest
Hodgkin, Thomas
Great Britain -- History -- To 1066
Two entries which strictly belong to the eighth century have been
reserved for this place, because they are rather foreshadowings of
what was to befal in the years after 800, than characteristic of what
was happening in the years preceding it. At some unnamed date in the
reign of Beorhtric, King of Wessex, but probably about the year 790,
the Chronicle tells us that “first came three ships of Northmen.[114]
And then the reeve rode thereto and would fain drive them to the king’s
vill, for he knew not what [manner of men] they were and there they
slew him. These were the first ships of Danish men that sought the land
of the English race.” This short but ominous entry is a tocsin ringing
in 300 years of strife. The words of the Chronicle and of its copyist
Ethelweard seem to suggest that the ships’ crews came with peaceful
intent; that the king’s reeve--a man whose office was something like
that of steward or bailiff--tried to exact some payment from them, and
for that purpose to force them to enter some royal settlement, but
found to his cost that these were no sheep that would stand quiet for
his shearing, but fierce war-wolves, capable of turning upon him with
hungry teeth and rending him in pieces.
This first affray with the Danes evidently took place in Wessex; and,
if we may believe the historian Ethelweard, the royal vill where the
reeve resided was Dorchester. But the Scandinavians having seen, as the
Saxons did before them, “the nothingness of the natives,” of course
came again, and this time (793) to Northumbria. Dire presentiments had
already cowed the hearts of the people; hurricanes blew and lightnings
flashed, and (if we like to trust the chronicler) fiery flying serpents
hurtled through the air. Then came a great famine, and then (June
8) “the heathen men” [Danes] “miserably destroyed God’s church at
Lindisfarne with rapine and slaughter”. The desecration of so holy
a place shed horror through western Christendom. “It is now,” wrote
Alcuin to the Northumbrian King Ethelred, “about 350 years that we and
our fathers have dwelt in this most beautiful country, and never before
has such a terrible thing befallen Britain as that which we have now
suffered from the pagans. Nor was it, in fact, thought possible that a
voyage of that kind could ever have been made”--a strange illustration
of the lost seamanship of the Anglo-Saxons. “Lo now the church of
St. Cuthbert is stained with the blood of the priests of God. It is
despoiled of all its ornaments. The most venerable place in Britain has
been given to pagan nations for a prey.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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