The history of England, from the earliest times to the Norman ConquestHodgkin, Thomas
History
The history of England, from the earliest times to the Norman Conquest
Hodgkin, Thomas
Great Britain -- History -- To 1066
Tyne near North Berwick has a kind of estuary, and Mommsen’s conjecture
that this is the Tanaus of Tacitus would have much probability, were
it not so near to the far mightier estuary of the Forth that it is
difficult to imagine any one choosing it as a landmark. The better
known Tyne of Newcastle would be clearly the strongest claimant if the
course of the narrative did not seem to have already carried us to the
north of it. No piece of water would meet the geographical condition
better than the splendid estuary of the Tweed, so well fitted by
nature for a limitary stream, but no other passage of any author has
been found in which any name resembling Tanaus has been applied to
that river. In the next year (A.D. 81) Agricola undoubtedly reached
and fortified the narrow neck of land between Clyde and Forth (Clota
and Bodotria); but the point practically at issue is this: “May we
understand that we have in this passage of Tacitus a description of
the building by Agricola of some at least of the forts between Tyne
and Solway on the line which was afterwards marked by the Roman wall?”
It has been often suggested, and in the opinion of the present writer
with some probability, that we may. In that case great additional
interest attaches to Chesters, Housesteads and others of the ruined
Roman stations in Northumberland, when we think that they may have been
planned by the exceptional military genius of Agricola.
With the three remaining campaigns of this general (A.D. 82–84) we
have no special concern, as they were all fought beyond the limits of
England. We must not follow him as he cruises about the Kyles of Bute
and the Mull of Cantire, gazes across to Ireland (an island, Tacitus
thinks, with better harbours and more frequented by merchants than
England), nor discuss his opinion, often expressed to his son-in-law,
that with one legion and a moderate supply of auxiliaries he could
have added Hibernia to the empire. Nor must we linger over Tacitus’
celebrated description of the great fight on the Mons Graupius,[14]
and the spirited war-speech of the Caledonian hero Galgacus, which
according to Tacitus preceded the encounter. Almost immediately after
this victory--perhaps more dearly bought and less decisive than would
appear on the surface of the Tacitean narrative--Agricola, whose term
of command was already of exceptional length, was recalled to Rome.
The Emperor Domitian’s jealousy of a soldier whose admiring legions
might insist on proclaiming him as a candidate for the empire, may have
been, as Tacitus suggests, the sole reason for his recall; but nearer
danger was also threatening Rome from the region of the Danube, and,
as Mommsen has pointed out, one of the British legions was actually
recalled for service in Pannonia. True statesmanship as well as mean
personal jealousy may have prompted the recall of so adventurous a
general from the scene of his triumphs. Agricola made no attempt to
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