Why the victory of modernity on the Continent came only by degrees.--Romantic conceptions.--Æsthetic theories and the question of costume.--Painting learns to treat contemporary costume by first dealing with uniform.--France: Gros, Horace Vernet, Hippolyte Bellangé, Isidor Pils, Alexander Protais, Charlet, Raffet, Ernest Meissonier, Guillaume Régamey, Alphonse de Neuville, Aimé Morot, Edouard Détaille.--Germany: Albrecht Adam, Peter Hess, Franz Krüger, Karl Steffeck, Th. Horschelt, Franz Adam, Joseph v. Brandt, Heinrich Lang 92 CHAPTER XIX ITALY AND THE EAST Why painters sought their ideal in distant countries, though they did not plunge into the past.--Italy discovered by Leopold Robert, Victor Schnetz, Ernest Hébert, August Riedel.--The East was for the Romanticists what Italy had been for the Classicists.--France: Delacroix, Decamps, Prosper Marilhat, Eugène Fromentin, Gustave Guillaumet.--Germany: H. Kretzschmer, Wilhelm Gentz, Adolf Schreyer, and others.--England: William Muller, Frederick Goodall, F. J. Lewis.--Italy: Alberto Pasini 118 CHAPTER XX THE PAINTING OF HUMOROUS ANECDOTE After seeking exotic subjects painting returns home, and finds amongst peasants a stationary type of life which has preserved picturesque costume.--Munich: The transition from the military picture to the painting of peasants.--Peter Hess, Heinrich Bürkel, Carl Spitzweg.--Hamburg: Hermann Kauffmann.--Berlin: Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim.--The influence of Wilkie, and the novel of village life.--Munich: Johann Kirner, Carl Enhuber.--Düsseldorf: Adolf Schroedter, Peter Hasenclever, Jacob Becker, Rudolf Jordan, Henry Ritter, Adolf Tidemand.--Vienna: Peter Krafft, J. Danhauser, Ferdinand Waldmüller.--Belgium: Influence of Teniers.--Ignatius van Regemorter, Ferdinand de Braekeleer, Henri Coene, Madou, Adolf Dillens.--France: François Biard 140 CHAPTER XXI THE PICTURE WITH A SOCIAL PURPOSE Why modern life in all countries entered into art only under the form of humorous anecdote.--The conventional optimism of these pictures comes into conflict with the revolutionary temper of the age.--France: Delacroix' "Freedom," Jeanron, Antigna, Adolphe Leleux, Meissonier's "Barricade," Octave Tassaert.--Germany: Gisbert Flüggen, Carl Hübner.--Belgium: Eugène de Block, Antoine Wiertz 175 CHAPTER XXII THE VILLAGE TALE