Classical landscape painting in France: Hubert Robert, Henri Valenciennes, Victor Bertin, Xavier Bidault, Michallon, Jules Cogniet, Watelet, Théodore Aligny, Edouard Bertin, Paul Flandrin, Achille Benouville, J. Bellel.--Romanticism and the resort to national scenery: Victor Hugo, Georges Michel, the Ruysdael of Montmartre, Charles de la Berge, Camille Roqueplan, Camille Flers, Louis Cabat, Paul Huet.--The English the first to free themselves from composition and the tone of the galleries: Turner.--John Crome, the English Hobbema, and the Norwich school: Cotman, Crome junior, Stark, Vincent.--The water colour artists: John Robert Cozens, Girtin, Edridge, Prout, Samuel Owen, Luke Clennel, Howitt, Robert Hills.--The influence of aquarelles on the English conception of colour.--John Constable and open-air painting.--David Cox, William Muller, Peter de Wint, Creswick, Peter Graham, Henry Dawson, John Linnell.--Richard Parkes Bonington as the link between England and France 257 CHAPTER XXV LANDSCAPE FROM 1830 Constable in the Louvre and his influence on the creators of the French _paysage intime_.--Théodore Rousseau, Corot, Jules Dupré, Diaz, Daubigny and their followers.--Chintreuil, Jean Desbrosses, Achard, Français, Harpignies, Émile Breton, and others.--Animal painting: Carle Vernet, Géricault, R. Brascassat, Troyon, Rosa Bonheur, Jadin, Eugène Lambert, Palizzi, Auguste Lançon, Charles Jacque 294 CHAPTER XXVI JEAN FRANÇOIS MILLET His importance, and the task left for those who followed him.--Millet's principle _Le beau c'est le vrai_ had to be transferred from peasant painting to modern life, from Barbizon to Paris 360 BOOK IV THE REALISTIC PAINTERS AND THE MODERN IDEALISTS CHAPTER XXVII REALISM IN FRANCE Gustave Courbet and the modern painting of artisan life.--Alfred Stevens and the painting of "Society."--His followers Auguste Toulmouche, James Tissot, and others.--In opposition to the Cinquecento the study of the old Germans, the Lombards, the Spaniards, the Flemish artists, and the _Rococo_ masters becomes now a formative influence.--Gustave Ricard, Charles Chaplin, Gaillard, Paul Dubois, Carolus Duran, Léon Bonnat, Roybet, Blaise Desgoffe, Philippe Rousseau, Antoine Vollon, François Bonvin, Théodule Ribot 391 BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES IN COLOUR