As far as possible I have confined myself to Islam. On that ground Ibn Gebirol and Maimonides have received only a passing notice, while other Jewish thinkers have been entirely omitted, although, philosophically considered, they belong to the Muslim school. This, however, entails no great loss, for much has been written already about the Jewish philosophers, whereas Muslim thinkers have hitherto been sadly neglected. Groningen (Netherlands). T. J. de Boer. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introduction. PAGE 1. The Theatre 1–6 1. Ancient Arabia 1 2. The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shiʻites 2 3. The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa 3 4. The Abbasids. Bagdad 3 5. Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate 5 2. Oriental Wisdom 6–11 1. Semitic Speculation 6 2. Persian Religion. Zrwanism 8 3. Indian Wisdom 8 3. Greek Science 11–30 1. The Syrians 11 2. The Christian Churches 11 3. Edessa and Nisibis 12 4. Harran 13 5. Gondeshapur 14 6. Syriac Translations 14 7. Philosophy among the Syrians 16 8. Arabic Translations 17 9. The Philosophy of the Translators 19 10. Range of Tradition 21 11. Continuation of Neo-Platonism 22 12. The “Book of the Apple” 24 13. The “Theology of Aristotle” 25 14. Conception of Aristotle 27 15. Philosophy in Islam 28 CHAPTER II. Philosophy and Arab Knowledge. 1. Grammatical Science 31–35 1. The several Sciences 31 2. The Arabic Language. The Koran 31 3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa 32 4. Grammar influenced by Logic. Metrical Studies 33 5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy 35