Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen H. Sentoff and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Million Book Project) _THE CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE SERIES._ Edited by HAVELOCK ELLIS. THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA R. F. SCHARFF, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.Z.S. _Keeper of the Natural History Collections, Science and Art Museum, Dublin; Member of the Royal Irish Academy; Corresponding Member of the Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft._ WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1899 CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1-36 CHAPTER II. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 37-88 CHAPTER III. THE FAUNA OF BRITAIN 89-131 CHAPTER IV. THE ARCTIC FAUNA 132-188 CHAPTER V. THE SIBERIAN MIGRATION 189-244 CHAPTER VI. THE ORIENTAL MIGRATION 245-286 CHAPTER VII. THE LUSITANIAN FAUNA 287-308 CHAPTER VIII. THE ALPINE FAUNA 309-350 BIBLIOGRAPHY 351-354 INDEX 355-364 PREFACE. Our knowledge of the present and past fauna of Europe is as yet insufficient to indicate with precision the original homes of its component elements, but I hope that the lines of research laid down here, and the method of treatment adopted, will aid zoologists and geologists in collecting materials for a more comprehensive study of the history of our animals. I trust also that a fresh impulse will be given by the publication of this book to the study of the Geographical Distribution of Species. Collectors of Beetles, Butterflies, Shells, and Fossils may derive some useful hints by its perusal and thus direct their studies, so as to add, by accuracy in observation, to our knowledge of the former geographical revolutions which have moulded our islands and continents. To geographers, a survey of some of the more important changes in the distribution of land and water in past times--based upon the composition of our fauna--will be interesting. The subject, however, is a complex one. I have ventured to indicate a suitable method of treatment, and as such this attempt to elucidate the history of the European fauna should be received.