Blanchard, E., 282 _Blanus cinereus_, 279, 294 _Blethisa multipunctata_, 93 Blytt, A., 34, 52, 79, 185, 239 Boar, distribution of, 44 Bobak Marmot, 204 Boettger, O., 48, 263 Bogdanov, M. M., 53 _Bombinator_, 259-260 _igneus_, 259 _pachypus_, 259 Bonnet, 306 Bonney, T. G., 66, 70, 83, 180, 229 Boulenger, G. A., 259 Boulder-clay, foraminifera in, 84 origin of, 81, 175, 180-181, 229-230 of Continental Europe, 180, 226-231 Bourguignat, J. R., 18, 47, 302 Bovey Tracy, arctic plant beds at, 238 Boyd, E., 104 _Branchinecta palludosa_, 167 Brandt, J. F., 51, 62, 107, 218, 222 Brauer, A., 132-133 Brehm, A. E., 139 Bristle-fern, 115 British flora during Glacial period, 163 British Islands, Lusitanian flora in, 288, 306-307 submergence of, 127 Brooke, Sir V., 247, 250 Brunner von Wattenwyl, 270 _Bufo calamita_, 30 _Buliminus detritus_, 261 _fasciolatus_, 261 _obscurus_, 261 _pupa_, 261 Bullfinch, origin of, 191, 255-256 Bulman, G. W., 114 Bunge, D., 219 Bush-quail, Andalusian, 291-292 Butterflies, Arctic distribution of, 159-161 origin of North European, 55 _Caccabis rufa_, 29 _Campylaea_, sub-genus of _Helix_, 49, 321 Canary Islands, origin of, 19 _Canis lagopus_, 135 Capercaillie, 28, 143, 336-337 _Capra ibex_, 312 _ægagrus_, 61, 312 _pyrenaica_, 312 _sibirica_, 312 _sinaitica_, 312 _Carabus_, 199 _Carduelis_, 257 _caniceps_, 258 _elegans_, 257 _major_, 257 Carpenter, G. H., 64, 94-95, 104, 114, 121-123, 288, 301 Caspian Fishes, 224 post-pliocene deposits, 222, 226 Sea, Arctic animals in, 238 seal, 224 _Castor fiber_, 203 Cave deposits, mixture of Northern and Southern animals in, 54 Cenocosmic species, 24 Centre of distribution, 12, 43, 47 origin, shifting of, 202 _Cervidæ_, origin of, 248 _Cervus dama_, 251 _elaphus_, 246-250 _giganteus_, 108, 251 _Chamæleon vulgaris_, 279 Chamois, 312 Charrs, origin of, 124 _Chioglossa_, 296 Chough, Alpine, 317 Christ, H., 52, 343-344 Christy, Miller, 105 _Chrysochraon_, 330 _Cicindela_, 197-198 _Cinclus_, 255 Clarke, Eagle, 105 _Clausilia_, 47, 262-264, 284 _bidentata_, 47, 262, 284 _biplicata_, 47 _laminata_, 47 _Pauli_, 48, 263 _Rolphii_, 47 _Claviger_, 267-268 _testaceus_, 268 Climate in Glacial period, 65, 81, 127, 149, 182-183 in Pleistocene Europe, 208-209 Close, Maxwell, 129 Cod-fish, origin of, 143 _Coecilianella_, 17 _Coenonympha typhon_, 93 Cole, G. J., 83, 106-107 Coleoptera of Europe, origin of, 197 common to Europe and North America, 161 _Colias_, 266 _Coregonus_, 124 _clupeoides_, 124 _pollan_, 124 _vandesius_, 124 Cosmopolitan species, 24 _Cottus_, 92-93 _bubalis_, 93 _gobio_, 93 _quadricornis_, 175 _scorpio_, 93 Credner, R., 177-178