Geikie, J., 59, 66-67, 70, 75-76, 80-83, 116, 129, 163, 182, 216-217, 226-227, 233, 235, 238 Geographical changes, importance of, 64 _Geomalacus maculosus_, 5, 49, 99, 102, 115, 298-299 Gervais, E., 150 Glacial climate in France, 150 period, climate of, 65-81, 127, 149, 182-183 period in Scandinavia, 176 period, survival of animals and plants during, 65 Glaciation of Ireland, 129 Glutton, 119, 203 Goldfinch, origin of, 257 _Gonepteryx_, 296-297 _cleobule_, 297 _cleopatra_, 296 _rhamni_, 296 Gould, J. E., 20 Great Auk, range of, 92, 142 Greenland flora, 161-162 flora, survival of, 163-164 miocene temperature in, 146 mollusca on coast of Finmark, 171 Tertiary plants, 144-145 Grouse, 91, 334 black, 336 _Gulo luscus_, 119, 203 Haacke, W., 147 Hamilton, John, 161 Hamster, 190, 204 Hanitsch, R., 94 Hare, 2, 29, 90 Arctic, 2, 90-91 English, 29 Hare, Alpine, as a test of climate, 316 Harlé, E., 150 Harmer, F. W., 182 Harvest-mouse, 3, 190 Harvie-Brown, J. A., 105 Haughton, W., 86 Hazel-grouse, 337 Hedge Accentor, 317 Hedley, C., 20 Heer, O., 144-145 _Helix_, 4 _acuta_, 102, 298 _aculeata_, 298 _aspersa_, 24, 195 _ericetorum_, 298 _fusca_, 298 _lapicida_, 4 _obvoluta_, 4, 297 _pisana_, 102, 298 _pomatia_, 15, 32, 195, 262 _revelata_, 102 _rotundata_, 122, 274, 298 _ruderata_, 212-213 Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J., 236 Herring, origin of, 143 _Heteromeyenia Ryderi_, 94 Hofman, E., 54 Hooker, Sir J., 99, 161 _Hopatroides thoracicus_, 268 Howorth, Sir H., 73 Hyalinia, antiquity of, 50 _Hyla_, 260 _arborea_, 260-261, 280 _chinensis_, 260 Ice-Age, climate of, 65, 81 Ice-bridge, migration on, 108 _Idotea entomon_, 178, 224 Ihering, H. von, 19, 20, 24-25 Indigenous species, 10 Inter-glacial deposit, the Forest-Bed an, 70 periods, climate of, 181, 218 Introduced species, 10, 23, 27-29 Introduction by man, 32-33 Introductions from America, 24 Ireland, glaciation of, 129 Irish and Scotch Hare, 136 Elk, 108, 251-252 Irish fauna, composition of, 63 Stoat, 136 Isle of Man, fauna of, 123 _Isotoma littoralis_, 94 Jeffreys, J. G., 27 Jerboa, 204 Jordan, H., 103 Judd, J. W., 61 Karpinski, H., 222 Kendall, P. J., 125 Kendall, P. J., and Bell, A., 174 Kennard, A. S., 167 Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B., 4 Kessler, H., 222 Kew, H. W., 17, 23, 32 Killarney fern, 115 Kinahan, G. H., 107-108, 129 Kirkdale Cavern, remains in, 54 Kobelt, W., 49, 56, 58, 62, 75, 195-196, 212, 281, 297, 303, 321-323 Köppen, F. T., 51, 62, 222, 248 Krasan, F., 347 _Lagomys_, origin of, 41, 203 _Lagopus_, 334 _albus_, 91, 142, 334 _hyperboreus_, 334 _leucurus_, 335 _mutus_, 91, 142, 334 _rupestris_, 334 _scoticus_, 334