_Laminifera_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48 Lamplugh, G. W., 107-108 Land-connection between America and Northern Europe, 61 British Islands and France, 59-60 British Islands and Scandinavia, 61 Europe and North Africa, 61 Europe and North America, 61, 168-172 Greece and Asia Minor, 61 Greenland and Europe, 155, 159 Ireland and Spain, 110 Land Mollusca, migrations of, 9 Land shells, West Indian, 21 Lartet, E., 51, 73, 107, 150 Lemming, range of, 138-140 _Leontopodium alpinum_, 266, 342 _Lepus_, 27, 29, 31 _alpinus_, 136 _cuniculus_, 27, 31, 291 _europæus_, 29, 316 _glacialis_, 136 _lacostei_, 291 _variabilis_, 2, 29, 136, 315 Lepidoptera, range of, 159-160 Arctic, 200 surviving Glacial period, 54 Leuckart, R., 176 Lewis, Carvill, 129 _Limax_, 284 _marginatus_, 284 _maximus_, 284 _Limnocalanus macrurus_, 179 _Linyphia insignis_, 94 "Loess" fauna, 75, 196 Lomas (_vide_ Herdman and Lomas) Lovén, S., 177 Lusitanian flora in British Islands, 288, 306-307 spiders, 301 Lydekker, R., 14, 22, 32, 58, 157, 183, 202, 248, 252 Lyell, Sir C., 14, 22 _Lyrurus tetrix_, 336 _Macroptychia_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48 Madeira, 19 molluscan fauna of, 25 remains of a continent, 19 Major, Forsyth, 45-46, 280, 282 Mallet, R., 86 Mammoth in Siberia, 214-217 range of, 252-253 Mammals, dispersal of, 9, 21 _Mantis religiosa_, 269 Maps, general plan of, 8 Margaritana, 93 Marine connection between Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, 62, 219-231 mollusca, distribution of, 236 origin of boulder-clay, 82-86, 228-230 Marine shells above sea-level, 127-128 transgression in Northern Russia, 172 Marmot, Alpine, 313 Bobak, 204 Marsh-ringlet, 93 Marshall, Rev., 166 Martins, C., 68 Mediterranean land-connections, 276-282 _Meles_, 43 _albogularis_, 44 _anakuma_, 44 _leucurus_, 44 _maraghanus_, 44 _polaki_, 44 _taxus_, 43 _Melitæa asteria_, 325 _cynthia_, 325 _maturna_, 325 _Melizophilus undatus_, 288 Merriam, C. H., 38 _Metoponorthus cingendus_, 301 _Microtus_, 313 _brecciensis_, 314 _leucurus_, 314 _nivalis_, 313 Mid-wife Toad, 295 Migrations, 8-9 cause of, 208 of British shore-forms, 124 Migration from Asia to Europe by North America, 327 Migration on ice-bridge, 108 waves of, 204-206 Miller's thumb, 93 Milne-Edwards, A., 282 Mingling of Southern and Northern Mammals, 72-75, 209 Miocene geography, 274-276 temperature in Greenland, 146 _Miogale moschata_, 290 _pyrenaica_, 290 _Molge alpestris_, 320 _cristata_, 320 _montana_, 320 _palmata_, 320 _rusconii_, 320 _vulgaris_, 319 Mollusca in Loess, 196 Mollusca, distribution of marine, 236 Molluscan fauna, divisions of British, 102 Madeira, 25 Porto Santo, 25