Molluscs, dispersal of, 17, 24 Mongoose, 28 _Montifringilla nivalis_, 318 More, A. G., 104 Möschler, E., 160 _Motacilla_, 254, 292 _alba_, 292 _borealis_, 255 _campestris_, 254 _lugubris_, 292 _melanope_, 254 Mountain Avens, 79 Mountain-ringlet, 325 Mouse, distribution of Harvest, 3 Mud-glaciers, 86 Murchison, R., 175, 230 Murray, Andrew, 32-33, 150, 154 _Muscardinus avellanarius_, 316 Musk-Ox, range of, 119, 134-135, 203 _Mus minutus_, 3, 95, 190 _Mustela africana_, 279 _boccamela_, 279 _erminea_, 135-136 _putorius_, 190 _Myodus lemmus_, 138 _obensis_, 138 _Myoxus_, 316 _Mysis caspica_, 223 _micropthalma_, 223 _relicta_, 179, 223 Nathorst, A. G., 163, 169, 240-241 Natterjack Toad, 30 _Nebria atrata_, 328 _livida_, 328 Nehring, A., 96, 107, 119, 196, 208-211, 340 _Nenia_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48 Neumayr, M., 19, 67 Newt, 319 New Siberian Islands, origin of bone-beds, 219 extinct fauna of, 218 Nightingale, 192 Nordquist, 179 North American marine mollusca in crag deposits, 173 North European Sea, 172 Ocean basins, permanence of, 18 Oceanic Islands, 18 _Œneis_, 326-327 _aëllo_, 326 _Onychogomphus_, 268 Oriental migration, old and new, 272 Oriental plants, 282-283 Origin, centre of, shifting, 202 _Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus_, 115, 302 _Ovibos moschatus_, 119, 134-135, 203 Pacific Continent, 20 Painted-lady Butterfly, 98 Palincosmic species, 25 Pallas's Sandgrouse, 205 _Panurus biarmicus_, 292 _Papilio hospiton_, 265 _Parmacella_, 49 _Parnassius_, 265-266, 324 _Apollo_, 265, 324 _delius_, 324 _mnemosyne_, 324 _Nordmanni_, 324 Partridge, 29 _Pelias berus_, 192 _Pelobates_, 295 _Pelodytes punctatus_, 295 _Pelophila borealis_, 93 Penck, A., 66 Perches, origin of, 143 _Periops hippocrepis_, 279 Peschel, O., 177 Petersen, W., 55, 154, 160, 200 _Petronia stulta_, 318 _Pezotettix_, 329-330 _alpinus_, 329 _pedestris_, 329 _Phasianus_, 256-257 _colchicus_, 31, 257 Pheasant, origin of, 256-257 _Phoca annelata_, 174 _caspica_, 224 _Phædusa_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 263 _Phylloxera vastatrix_, 24 Pigs, origin of, 44-46 Pika, 41 Pine-Grosbeak, 191 _Pinicola enucleator_, 191 _Planorbis dilatatus_, 24 _glaber_, 167 Plants, American, in Ireland, 166 as tests of climate, 75-80 migration of, 34 _Platyarthrus_, 299-302 _Plectrophenax nivalis_, 140 Pleistocene climate of Asia, 210, 214-215 Europe, climate in, 208-209 fauna, northern and southern animals in, 72-75 mollusca, 211-213 Pliocene deposits of Sicily, 277 geography, 276-277 Pohlig, H., 176 Polar Bear, 134 Fox, range of, 135, 149 origin of animals, 147 Pole-cat, 190 _Polydesmus gallicus_, 115, 302 Polynesian Islands, 20